abnormal psych exam #3

women attempt suicide how many more times than men

2-3x more than men

men are how many more times likely to complete suicide

4x more likely

men choose more ___ means to attempt suicide

lethal

for those experiencing suicidal ideations or have completed suicides, more than 90% are/were suffering from a ___

mental health disorder such as anxiety or depression

if one is diagnosed with major depressive disorder, they’re ____ more likely to attempt suicide

6x

if one is diagnosed with bipolar disorder, they are ___ more likely to attempt suicide

7x

what are 5 contributing factors which influence suicidal ideations

1) personality and cognitive factors

2) impulsivity

3) family history and environment

4) hopelessness

5) low levels of serotonin

impulsivity

tendency to act on ones impulses rather than inhibiting them

hopelessness

feeling that the future is bleak and theres no way to make it more positive

suicide cluster

suicides or attempted suicides are non-randomly bunched together in space or time.(if you knew the person who committed or are linked to the suicide by media exposure.)

suicide contagian

survivors who become suicidal may be modeling the behavior of the friend or admired celebrity who committed.

what are 6 common approaches for treatment of suicidal persons

1) hospitalization

2) community-based crisis intervention programs.

3) lithium

4) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

5) psychological therapies

6) dialectical behavior therapy- focuses on managing negative emotions and impulsive behaviors.

what are 4 common suicide prevention suggestions

1) education

2) suicide hotlines

3) prevention programs in schools

4) crisis intervention centers

what to do if friend is suicidal

1) take the person seriously

2) get help

3) show concern

4) attention

5) plan

6) acknowledge

7) reassure

8) dont promise confidentiality

9) dont leave alone

10) self care

symptoms of depressive disorders- anhedonia

loss of interest in everything in life

symptoms of depressive disorders- changes in ___, ___, and ___.

appetite, sleep, and energy/activity levels

symptoms of depressive disorders- psychomotor ___ or ____.

agitation or regression

symptoms of depressive disorders- depressed mood is out of ____.

proportion to any cause

symptoms of depressive disorders- difficulties _____.

concentrating

symptoms of depressive disorders- feeling ____, ____, _____, ______.

excessive worthlessness, guilt, hopelessness, or thought of suicide.

symptoms of depressive disorder- losing touch with ___ which may also include experiencing _____ or ______

reality——→ delusions or hallucinations

major depressive disorders- depressive symptoms lasting ____

2 weeks or more (single or recurrent episodes).

persistent depressive disorder

milder depressed mood for most of the day for at least 2 years

seasonal affective disorder

experience and full recover from major depressive episodes occurring seasonally for at least 2 years

peripartum onset

subtype of major depressive disorder manic episode used when the episode occurs during pregnancy or in the four weeks after childbirth

true or false- there is a high susceptibility in young adults(MDD)

true

True/False. Men are more susceptible to depressive symptoms. (MDD)

false- women are more susceptible

Regarding frequency, MDD is ___________, recurrent problem for some people.

long lasting

MDD is ____ for both the individual and the society.

costly

with MDD people tend to_____.

recover with treatment

Mania

A state of persistently elevated mood, feelings of grandiosity, over enthusiasm, racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive actions.

Bipolar I disorder

elevated, expansive or irritable mood lasting more than 1 week and additional symptoms as well as gradiosity, racing thoughts, impulsivity, rapid speech, increase in activities, and decreased need for sleep.

Bipolar II disorder

severe depression

Cyclothymic disorder

less severe but more chronic bipolar condition

hypomania

mania with less severe symptoms

rapid cycling bipolar I or bipolar II disorder

four or more mood episodes that meet criteria for manic, hypomanic, or major depressive episode within 1 year.

disruptive mood disregulation disorder

chronic irritability plus severe temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion in intensity and duration to a situation and inconsistent with developmental level.

true/false- bipolar is more common than depressive disorders.

false

bipolar disorder- men and women are ___ susceptible

equally

bipolar disorder- no consistent difference in the prevalence among _____ or ______.

ethnic groups or across cultures.

bipolar disorder- develops mainly in ___ or ___.

late adolescence or early adulthood

bipolar disorder- people living with bipolar disorder face problems ____ and in their _____.

on the job and in their relationships

within mood disorders- symptoms of main can have ____ in certain settings

benefits

within mood disorders- writers, artists, and composers have a ______

higher than normal prevalence of mania and depression

mood disorders substantially ______ and ______.

impair thinking and productivity

biological theories of depression- genetic theory: ___ predispose people to depression

genes

biological theories of depression- neurotransmitter theories include disregulation of _____ and their ____.

neurotransmitters and their receptors

chemicals included in depression includes …

norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.

biological theories of depression- ___ and ____ brain abnormalities

structural and functional

biological theories of depression- prefrontal cortex, ____, and _____

hippocampus, and amygdala are all involved.

biological theories of depression- altered ______ in these areas affect mood

brain wave activities

what do biological theories for depression believe

life stress leads to depression because it reduces the positive reinforcers in a persons life

what do interpersonal theories of depression believe

interpersonal difficulties and losses are commonly reported stressors that trigger depression

what do sociocultural theories of depression believe

historical changes put recent generations at higher risk for depression.

True/false. Gender influences frequency of depressive symptoms.

true

True/False. There are strong and consistent genetic links between familial generations who struggle with depression

true

Neurotransmitter factors include _________________ of the dopamine system.

dysregulation

biological treatments of depression- vagus nerve stimulation

vagus nerve is stimulated by a small electronic device that is surgically implanted under the patients skin in the left chest wall.

biological treatments of depression- deep brain stimulation

electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain.

biological treatments for depression- light therapy

exposing people to a bright light for a few hours everyday

behavioral therapy for depression

increases positive reinforcers and decreases aversive events while teaching a person new skills for managing interpersonal situations and environments

cognitive behavioral therapy

helps people discover, understand, and change the negative, hopeless patterns of thinking while helping people solve concrete problems in their lives and develop skills for being more effective in their world.

family focused therapy

reduces interpersonal stress in the context of families while educating them about the disorder. (improves communication patterns in the family.)

psychosis

the inability to differentiate between what is real and what is unreal

positive symptoms of psychosis

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior.

negative symptoms of psychosis

loss of qualities, restricted emotional expression or affect, lack of expected or normal emotions, behavior, and motivations

what percent of the US population will develop schizophrenia

1-2%

with a severe form of psychosis what do individuals alternate between

clear thinking and communication with an accurate view of reality and proper functioning of daily life.

active phase of illness: psychosis

loss of touch with reality

what is the active phase of psychosis characterized by

disorganized thinking and speech, odd behavior, and difficulty performing daily activities including self care

positive symptoms: Delusions (psychosis)

ideas that an individual believes to be true despite being highly unlikely or impossible

positive symptoms: persecutory (psychosis)

watched by people they know

positive symptoms: delusions of reference(psychosis)

event, objects directed at them

positive symptoms: grandiose (psychosis)

great power, knowledge, talent

positive symptoms: thought insertion(psychosis)

thoughts are controlled by others

number, _____, and _____ of symptoms distinguish psychotic disorders from eachother

severity, and duration

Overall ________ prognosis even with treatment.

poor

One of the most ________________and ________________mental illnesses. (psychosis)

severe and debilitating

Rehospitalization rates between ___% and ____%. (psychosis)

50-80%

____ – _____% commit suicide.(psychosis)

5-10%

hallucinations

perceptual experiences that occur without an actual stimulus

formal thought disorder

schizophrenia involves significant problems with thinking

catatonia

disorganized behavior that reflects unresponsiveness to the environment

true/false- gender and age affects psychosis prognosis

true

___________ develop the disorder later, display milder symptoms, and have a more favorable course than men (psychosis)

women

____women for every ____ men diagnosed with psychosis

2 women for every 3 men

____ suffer more severe symptoms of psychosis

men

Earlier onset for ____ (25) _____ (29)

men, then women

schizoaffective disorder

mix of schizophrenia and a mood disorder which may include depressive or manic episodes and delusions or hallucinations for two weeks in the absence of mood problems.

schizophreniform disorder

identical symptoms to schizophrenia expect symptoms of schizophrenia present for less than SIX months and impaired social or occupational function is not require.

brief psychotic disorder

sudden onset of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or disorganized behavior lasting for up to a month

delusional disorder

delusions lasting at least one month regarding situations that occur in real life but does not meet the criteria for schizophrenia and functioning is not impaired.

schizotypal personality disorder

lifelong pattern of significant oddities with respect to self-concept, ways of relating to others, and thinking/behavior

biological theories of schizophrenia: family studies

biological relative with schizophrenia increases an individuals risk

biological theories of schizophrenia: adoption studies

parent with schizophrenia creates a stressful environment for children

biological theories of schizophrenia: twin studies

genetic predisposition plus biological and environmental factors influence manifestations of the disorder

biological theories of schizophrenia: ____ or _____ to viruses affect brain development

birth complications or prenatal exposure

neurotransmitter theories of schizophrenia

excess levels of dopamine contribute to schizophrenia

neurotransmitter theories of schizophrenia: blocks of the reuptake of ____, reducing the _____ level in the brain

dopamine, functional

psychosocial theories of schizophrenia: social drift

tendency to drift downward in social class compared to the class of ones family of origin.