Anatomy and Physiology

Coronal (frontal) plane

separates the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the body

Sagittal plane

separates the left and right sides of the body

Parasagittal plane

separates the left and right sides of the body beginning at the clavicle

Transverse plane

separates the upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves of the body

Lateral

objects go away from the midline

Medial

objects move toward the midline

Anterior

towards the front of the body

Posterior

towards the back of the body

Ventral

toward the front of the torso

Dorsal

toward the back of the torso

Superior

meaning above

Inferior

meaning down or toward the bottom

Proximal

closer to the torso

Distal

away from the torso

Adduction

limb moves toward midline

Abduction

limb moves away from midline

Flexion

decreasing the angle between two bones at a joint

Extension

increasing the angle between two bones at a joint

Dorsiflexion

pointing the toes toward the head

Plantar flexion

pointing towards the ground

Rotation

movement that turns around the vertical axis of a bone

Pronation

rotating a bone medially from another bone

Supination

rotating a bone laterally from another bone

Cervical vertebra

7

Thoracic vertebra

12

Lumbar vertebra

5

Sacral vertebra

5

Intercostal space

space between the ribs

Sternum

connects ribs; 3 portions; manubrium, middle body, and xiphoid process

Manubrium

superior portion of sternum

Xiphoid process

inferior tip of the sternum

Tendons

bones are connected to muscles

Ligaments

bones are connected to other bones

Clavicle

collarbone

Scapula

shoulder bone

Humerus

superior bone the arm

Radius

lateral bone of the forearm, closest to thumb, landmark for radial pulse

Ulna

medial bone of the forearm

Carpals

the 8 bones in the wrist

Metacarpals

the 5 bones in the hand

Phalanges

finger bones

Greater trochanter (ball) and acetabulum (socket)

hip

Femur

thighbone

Patella

kneecap

Tibia

medial bone of the lower leg

Fibula

lateral bone of the lower leg

Malleolus

ankle bones on both medial and lateral sides

Tarsals and metatarsals

12 bones that make up the foot

Calcaneus

heel of foot

Phalanges

toe bones

Ball-and-socket

a joint in which the rounded surface of a bone moves within a depression on another bone, allowing greater freedom of movement than any other kind of joint

Pivot

a freely moveable joint (diarthrosis) that allows only rotary movement around a single axis

Condyloid

one articular surface of the bone, there is an ovoid convexity in which it articulates with another bone having an ellipsoidal cavity; his joint allows rotation but no movement

Gliding

composed of two smooth surfaces that slide over one another to produce limited movement

Hinge

moves throughout one plane of motion into flexion and extension

Saddle

movement occurs at two distinct axes at right angles to each other; these joints support movement on two planes known as flexion-extension and abduction-adduction, which allows for bending motions in several directions

Skeletal muscles

voluntary, controlled by brain and nervous system; connects to the skeletal bones and allows them to move

Smooth muscles

mostly involuntary, controlled by autonomic nervous system; functions are necessary to keep the body alive; diaphragm

Cardiac muscle

involuntary but unique; has the ability to generate electrical impulses on its own; allows the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body; only found in the heart

Nasopharynx/Nares

air enters

Oropharynx

space behind the mouth

Epiglottis

leaflike valve that closes over the trachea during swallowing to prevent food/liquid from going in

Trachea

windpipe; connects the pharynx to the the bronchi

Bronchi

two tubes that lead to the lungs; muscles surround them to help dilate or constrict them, allowing air in and out

Carina

where the bronchi split to the left and right

Bronchioles

further branches off the bronchi

Larynx

voice box; where the vocal cords are located; when expiratory air passes through the area, sound is made

Diaphragm/Intercostal Muscles

contract and relax to pull air into the lungs

Negative pressure

created when the diaphragm moves downward and allows lungs to expand; pulls in oxygen rich air

Positive pressure

created when diaphragm relaxes and allows the lungs to contract; forces carbon dioxide out

Gas Exchange

oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the alveoli (grape-like sacs at the end of the bronchioles) through the permeable walls of the capillaries

Automaticity

cell's ability to spontaneously generate an electrical impulse

Excitability

cell's ability to respond to an electrical impulse

Conductivity

cell's ability to transmit the electrical impulse to another cardiac cell

Contractility

cell's ability of muscle to contract after an electrical impulse is received

Rhythmicity

cell's ability to send electrical impulses in a regularly and evenly paced manner

Refractoriness

cell's inability to respond to another electrical pulse

Sinoatrial node (SA Node)

primary pacemaker of the heart; located on the superior right side of the atrium; causes contraction motion

Atrioventricular node (AV Node)

signal is passed from the SA node to the AV node, which is located in the inferior portion of the right atrium, by the right ventricle

Bundle of His

located in the septal wall that separates the right and left ventricles; splits the electrical pathway into two sides for each ventricle

Left and right bundle branches

two electrical pathways that stem from the bundle of His; they innervate either the right or left ventricle

Purkinje fibers

small fibers; located in the walls of the right and left ventricle; cause the ventricles to contract and pump blood into the lungs or body

Arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

Coronary arteries

connect to the heart itself

Aorta

main artery out of heart; bends 180 into the trunk and divides at the navel at two iliac arteries

Pulmonary artery

carries blood from the right ventricle to lungs

Carotid arteries

supply blood to the brain

Femoral arteries

supply blood to the lower extremities

Brachial arteries

supply blood to the upper arms and is used for blood pressure

Radial arteries

supply blood to the lower arm and hands

Veins

carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart

Pulmonary vein

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Superior vena cava

carries blood from the head and upper extremities back to the heart

Inferior vena cava

carries blood from the trunk and lower extremities to the heart

Red blood cells (RBCs)

carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste by-products

White blood cells (WBCs)

body's defense mechanism against disease

Platelets

allows blood to clot and stop leakage if vessel is damaged

Plasma

clear fluid; delivers nutrients to organs and removes waste from the body

Right upper quadrant

liver, right kidney, stomach, colon, pancreas, gallbladder

Left upper quadrant

liver, spleen, left kidney, stomach, colon, pancreas