HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and High-Consequence Pathogens Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering HIV stages, opportunistic infections, STDs, diagnostics, treatments, and deadly high-consequence pathogens.

Group M HIV-1

The most common strain of HIV-1 worldwide, accounting for 90% of cases globally.

Pyroptosis

An inflammatory form of programmed cell self-destruction triggered during the HIV replication cycle in infected CD4 cells.

Apoptosis

A process of uninfected CD4 cell self-suicide occurring during HIV infection that contributes to declining helper T-cell counts.

Stage 1A HIV (Acute HIV Syndrome)

Primary HIV infection stage lasting 2 to 4 weeks from exposure, presenting with flu-like symptoms, night sweats, fatigue, persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, and a declining CD4 count below 1500 cells/microliter.

Hairy Leukoplakia

An oral thrush manifestation presenting as a whitish residue on the tongue seen during Stage 2 HIV infection.

Kaposi Sarcoma

An AIDS-defining cancer caused by HHV8, occurring at CD4 counts below 250 cells/microliter, characterized by red, purple, brown, or black papular lesions on the skin.

Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)

An opportunistic fungal infection caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii occurring at CD4 counts $\le 200$ cells/microliter, treated with Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole).

Esophageal Candidiasis

An opportunistic fungal infection occurring at CD4 counts $\le 100$ cells/microliter, causing odynophagia and retrosternal chest pain, treated with fluconazole or itraconazole.

Toxoplasmosis Encephalitis

Encephalitis caused by Toxoplasma gondii occurring at CD4 counts $< 50$ cells/microliter, treated with a combination of sulfadiazine and leucovorin.

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

An HIV prevention drug regimen taken within 72 hours of exposure daily for 28 days, using Tenofovir plus lamivudine or emtricitabine.

LTE Regimen

The first-line HIV antiretroviral drug combination used in the Philippines, consisting of lamivudine, tenofovir, and efavirenz.

Cabenuva

The first long-acting injectable HIV medication, administered intramuscularly in the buttocks twice a year.

Chlamydia Trachomatis

The bacterial causative agent of Chlamydia, presenting with gooey milky discharge and dysuria, and posing a risk of ophthalmia neonatorum in perinatally exposed infants.

Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT)

The gold standard diagnostic procedure used to identify bacterial STI pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea.

Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI)

A systemic complication of Neisseria gonorrhea infection characterized by a triad of polyarthritis, tenosynovitis, and dermatitis.

Treponema Pallidum

The causative bacterial spirochete of Syphilis, entering through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes during sexual intercourse or vertically crossing the placenta after the 10th week.

Condyloma Latum

Flat, broad, whitish, wart-like lesions formed on mucous membranes during secondary syphilis.

Gummas

Soft, non-cancerous lesions appearing on the skin, liver, or bones during tertiary gummatous syphilis.

Condylomata Acuminata

Genital or anogenital warts caused by HPV, pathognomonically presenting as single or multiple soft, pedunculated, grayish or pinkish cauliflower-like lesions.

Gardasil

A nonavalent IM vaccine (0.5 mL) administered to protect against 9 HPV types (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58).

Candida Albicans

The fungal pathogen causing candidiasis vaginitis, characterized by thick cheese-like discharge, burning, itching, normal vaginal pH (3.8 to 4.2), and positive pseudohyphae on KOH test.

Gardnerella Vaginalis

The bacterial cause of bacterial vaginosis, leading to thin fishy grayish-to-yellowish discharge, pH $> 4.5$, non-itchy symptoms, and a strong amine smell on KOH test.

Inhalation Anthrax

The most deadly form of Bacillus anthracis infection, causing severe breathing problems, shock, chest discomfort, and a 50% fatality rate if left untreated.

Obiltoxaximab

A monoclonal antibody antitoxin drug used in the treatment of anthrax.

Floppy Baby Syndrome

Infant botulism linked to honey consumption in infants under 12 months, caused by ingested Clostridium botulinum spores producing toxin that leads to flaccid paralysis.

Zaire Ebola Virus

The most fatal species of Ebola virus causing severe viral hemorrhagic fever in humans.