psychology 2000 LSU exam 2

Awareness of everything around you and inside of your head at any given moment

consciousness

consciousness is used to organize your ______, _____, _____, and _____

behavior, thoughts, sensations and feelings

2 types of consciousness?

waking, altered state

waking consciousness?

thoughts, feeling sensations when we are awake; generally clear and organized

altered consciousness?

shifts in the quality in or pattern of mental activity
(Daydreaming, hypnotic state, meditative state, increased alertness, divided attention, sleep)

refers to a cycle of 24 hours

circadian rhythm

key players of the circadian rhythm?

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus
serotonin
body temp
adenosine

what does the SCN do when it gets dark? when it gets light?

triggers the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland to make us sleepy; stops secretion of melatonin to allow the body to awaken

neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood and sleep regulation

serotonin

the higher the body temp, the more or less alert we are?

more

as it builds up, we become more sleepy

adenosine

adenosine antagonist?

caffeine

brief period of sleep that only last a few seconds

microsleeps

missing a single night of sleep can impair things like

concentration and the ability to perform simple tasks

sleep deprivation symptoms

trembling hands
inattention
staring off into space
droopy eye lids
general discomfort
psychological symptoms like irritability, depression, mania, hallucinations

long term sleep deprivation and health leads to

obesity
impaired immune function+ increased inflammatory response

fatal familial insomnia

people cannot sleep anymore

theory thats states: sleep is a product of evolution

adaptive theory of sleep

theory that states: sleep is necessary for physical health

restorative theory of sleep

difference between restorative theory of sleep and adaptive theory?

why we sleep in general vs. why we sleep when we sleep

2 kinds of sleep

REM and non-REM

active sleep, 90% of dreams occur during this sleep

REM

REM paralysis?

voluntary muscles are paralyzed

during REM sleep does your body temp rise or fall?

rises, heart rate increased and eyelids move

brain waves resemble ____ waves during REM sleep

beta

restful sleep, voluntary muscle are not paralyzed

non-REM

Body temperature drops, heart rates slows, and breathing becomes more shallow

non-REM stage 2 sleep

non-REM stage 2 is characterized by

sleep spindles

what waves during non-REM stage 2?

theta

what happens if you wake someone up during non-REM stage 2?

they are aware that they are awake

do you experience more REM or non-REM on a stressful day? physical day?

REM
non-REM

what happens if you are deprived of REM sleep?

you'll experience more the following night

what can you use to determine what stage of sleep people are in?

EEG

beta waves are present when?

awake and alert

when are alpha waves present?

relaxed and drowsy

why did freud think we dream?

wish fulfillment;
1. People's repressed conflicts and events cause them problems
2. Dreams are symbolic representations of past conflicts, desires and events stemming from childhood

Information gathered while awake can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams

activation-informaiton mode model

Dreams are produced in the brainstem and scattered into to the cortex activating synthesizer in brain making experiences

activation-syntheiss hypothesis

slip in to REM sleep during the day or fall asleep due to excessive sleepiness

narcolepsy

what can happen as a result of narcolepsy?

loss of muscle tone

what happens in REM behavior disorders?

voluntary muscles are supposed to be paralyzed but aren't

what happens as a result of REM disorders?

people act out/move around in their dreams

somnambulism

sleep walking (20% of people have this, most commonly children)

when does Somnambulism occur?

deep sleep

experiences of extreme fear or panic during sleep

night terror

night terrors take place dehiring _____ night mares take place during ___ sleep

non-REM
REM

inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep

insomnia

people will stop breathing for 30 sec-1 min during sleep

sleep apnea

treatment for sleep apnea

CPAP
lose weight
nose device
surgery

state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion

hypnotism

coined hypnotism

the Hypnotic James Braid

where we go when we are mesmerized

mesmerism

4 elements of hypnotism: person is told to:

1. focus on what is being said
2. relax and feel tired
3. accept suggestions
4. use vivid imagination

uses for hypnotism?

P! control
relaxation
reduce food cravings
quit smoking

who responds to hypnosis?

80% responde, 40% are good subject

theories of hypnosis?

hypnosis by dissociation
social cognitive theory

subject has a split awareness; one stream communicates with the hypnotist and external world, while the other is the "hidden observer"

hypnosis by dissociation

theory assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situations

social-cognitive theory

physical dependence on a drug?

condition where a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug

drug tolerance

a person finds they need a larger dose of the drug to feel the same effect they received the first time they used it

withdrawal

symptoms begin to occur when lack of the drug is present

belief that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being

psychological dependence

drugs that increase the activity of the CNS or the sympathetic nervous system, suppress appetite, cause people to feel more awake/alert and energetic

stimulants

used for ADHD
used by students

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

Stimulatory hallucinogenic
Chronic use→ memory problems

Methylenedioxy- methamphetamine (MDMA/Ecstasy)

Euphoric rush Insomnia, mood disturbances, delusions, physical symptoms

Methamphetamine (crystal meth)

Euphoria and increased energy
paranoia and vascular problems

cocaine

more deaths related to this drug in the US than from car accidents, alcohol, illicit drug use, AIDS, suicide and homicide combined

nicotine

Milt stimulant: 90% of Americans use _____

caffeine

drugs that decrease activity in the central nervous system, slow down bodily functions, reduce sensitivity to outside stimulation

Depressants

examples of depressants

alcohol
tranquilizers

major / minor tranquilizer

barbiturates
benodiazepines

Most commonly used and abused depressant

alcohol

how does alcohol affect your sleep

fall asleep faster, but disrupted sleep later in the sleep cycle

long-term affects of alcohol?

1. Alcohol-related dementia
2. Korsakoff's Syndrome
3. Physical issues: liver disease, heart disease, osteoporosis

fetal alcohol syndrome?

1. Facial deformity
2. Affects cognitive functioning, speech, movement and social skills
3. Heart problems

derived from the opium poppy that produce pain-relieving and calming effects

narcotics

narcotics mimic

endorphines

immediate effects of narcotics?

dreamlike euphoria

effects of narcotics

long term changes in mood and sleep
Decrease in body's ability to naturally regulate pain
High dose can lead to comatose state, convulsions and respiratory arrest

types of narcotics

opium
morphine
heroin
methadone
oxydone (oxycotin)

drugs that can alter and distort perceptions of time and space, alter mood, produce feeling of unreality

hallucinogens

types of hallucinogens

LSD
PCP
MDMA
Psilucybin
Mescaline
DMT
Ketamine Marijuana

chemicals that play a role in regulating behavior, memory, thinking, concentration, movement, coordination, sensory and time perception, appetite and pain

Endocannabinoids

most commonly used illegal drug

marijuana

immediate affect of weed

1. Relaxed, mildly euphoric
2. Sensory distortion
3. Distortion in time perception
4. Distortion learning and memory
5. Impaired coordination
6. Increased appetite

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

learning

things that occur close in time to one another are grouped together

gestalt-contiguity idea

unlearned, innate

unconditioned stimulus

automatic and involuntary

unconditioned response

learned, (starts of as neutral)

conditioned stimulus

learned (not as strong as UCR)

conditioned response

When a US does not follow a CS, a CR starts to decrease and at some point completely diminishes.

respondent extinction

after a rest period an extinguished CR recovers. If CS persists alone becomes extinct again.

spontaneous recovery

tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS is called

generalization

The more similar the new stimulus is to the original CS, the greater the likelihood of

generalization

Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

stimulus discrimination

example of classical conditioning in which the Unconditioned Response is an emotional response, like fear

conditioned emotional response

Observational learners must:

pay attention
retain memory
be able to imitate what was shown

classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together

stimulus substitution (Pavlov)