anatomy review questions

Explain the concept of complementarity between form and function.

the function of s structure is its purpose (why it exists); the form of a structure is its size, shape, and materials from which it is built

Describe the anatomical position. Why is it important?

standing erect; head, eyes, toes directed anteriorly; lower limbs close together with feet parallel and toes directed anteriorly used to describe the location of structures

Frontal

forehead

Orbital

eye

Nasal

nose

oral

mouth

cervical

neck

sternal

breastbone

axillary

armpit

mammory

breast

umbilical

belly button

pelvic

pelvis

Inguinal

groin

pubic

genital

acromial

shoulder

brachial

arm

antecubital

front of elbow

Antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

pollex

thumb

Palmar

palm

digital or phalanges

fingers, toes

Coxal

hip

Femoral

thigh

Patellar

kneecap

Crural

shin

fibular

side of leg

Tarsal

ankle

Metatarsals

foot bones (top of foot)

digiti minimi

little toe

hallux

big toe

Otic

ear

occipital

back of head

Scapular

shoulder blade

vertebral

spinal column

Lumbar

lower back

Sacral

between hips

Gluteal

buttock

Perineal

area between anus and external genitalia

elecranon

back of elbow

Metacarpals

hand bones

Popliteal

back of knee

sural

calf

Calcaneal

heel

plantar

sole of foot

unilateral

one side

bilateral

two sides

ipsilateral

same side of the body

contralateral

opposite side of the body

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior parts (back)

Sagittal/Midsagittal Plane

divides the body into right and left portions

transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

oblique plane

divides body at an angle

anterior/posterior

front and back

superior/inferior

above/below

medial/lateral

toward the midline/away from the midline

dorsal/ventral

backside/belly side

Rostral/Caudal

Nose to tail

proximal/distal

closer to trunk/further from trunk

Superficial/ deep/ intermediate

nearer to surface/ farther from surface/ between a superficial and a deep structure

ipsilateral/contralateral

same side/opposite side

External/internal

outside/inside

Flexion/ Extension

Decrease/increase in joint angle

Dorsiflexion/ plantarflexion (ankle only)

lifted upwards/points down and way from the leg

pronation/supination

palm down/palm up

Adduction/abduction

towards midline/away from midline

Inversion/ Eversion (ankle only)

ankle rolls inward/outward

elevation/depression

up and down (shoulders)

Lateral (external)/ Medial (internal) rotation

rotating arm clockwise/counter-clockwise

protrusion/retrusion

extension of mandible (lower jaw)/pulls mandible back

protract/retract

anterior/posterior movement (e.g. shoulder, mandible)

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

Define the body wall.

the external surface of the body derived from, the ectoderm and mesoderm (embryonic tissues) and enclosing the body cavities

Identify the dorsal cavities of the body. Identify major structures comprised within each.

cranial cavity (contained within skull and houses the brain); vertebral canal (contained within the vertebral (spinal) column and houses the spinal cord)

Identify the ventral cavities of the body. Identify major structures comprised within each.

thoracic cavity (lungs, and heart/esophagus); abdominal cavity (stomach, small and large intestines, kidneys, ureters, digestive organs); pelvic cavity (bladder and proximal urethra, internal ganitalia, the rectum)

Identify the abdominopelvic regions.

right hypochondriac; epigastric; left hypochondriac; right lumbar; umbilical; left lumbar; right inguinal; pelvic; left inguinal

Identify the abdominopelvic quadrants.

upper right quadrant; left upper quadrant; lower right quadrant; lower left quadrant

Define a cell.

The basic unit of life and the building block of tissues and organs

Identify and describe the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM).

mixture of proteins, polysaccharides, and minerals (collagen, elastin, non-fibrous proteins w/ CHO); transmits info to regulation of cellular activity, transports nutrients to cells

List the 3 major regions of a cell and their functions

plasma membrane (boundary of cell and regulates what can enter and exit the cell); cytoplasm (jelly-like matrix within the cell that contains the various organelles); nucleus (storage and organization of DNA)

Describe the chemical composition of the plasma membrane and relate it to membrane functions

composed of lipids, proteins and carbohydrate; selectively permeable, oxygen, carbon dioxide, some small lipids can pass, large, charged and polar molecules are repelled

Tight junctions

transmembrane proteins fuse outer surfaces of cells together, leaves very little space between cells (leak-proof), could be compromised by friction

Desmosomes

strong attachment; plaque (dense layer of proteins); attaches to intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton; cadherins (transmembrane glycoproteins; very string, resistant to friction and stress; found in skin and cardiac muscle

gap junctions

rapid transmission of nerve and muscle impulses; connexins (transmembrane proteins); connexions (fluid-filled tunnel formed by ring of connexins); allow movement of ions and small molecules from one cell to the next; diffusion of nutrient and wastes for cells far from a capillary

Cytoskeleton

protein filaments inside the cell, help shape cell and provide structure

Microtubules

thickest, involved in cell movement

intermediate filaments

middle thickness, very tough

microfilaments

thinnest, involved in contraction

cilia and flagella

involved in movement, have cores of microtubules; cilia (move substances across cell surface); flagella (propel cell through environment)

ribosomes

protein production, may be free in cytosol; or bound to an organelle

endoplasmic reticulum (what are the 2 types)

Rough ER (protein production for exported or membrane-bound proteins); Smooth ER (lipid production, detox)

Golgi apparatus

sorting and shipping proteins for export from the cell

Mitochoindria

ATP production, site of cellular respiration

Nucleolus

area for ribosome assembly

Describe how the body is organized, including the definitions and descriptions of the 4 categories of specialized cells.

epithelial tissue (simple vs. multi-layered, variety of shapes, covered areas continuous with external environment); connective tissue (fibers, ground substance, connective tissue); nervous tissue (neurons and neuroglia, special structures for transmission of info); muscular tissue (cardiac, skeletal, smooth)

histology

the study of the tissues of the body and how these tissues are arranged to constitute organs

List several structural and functional characteristics of epithelial tissue.

located at surfaces that cover the body or individual organs, line the inner surfaces of the tubular and hollow structures within the body; specialized for the selective secretion and adsorption of ions and organic molecules; protective barrier

simple squamous epithelium

S: single layer of flattened, tightly bound cells F: diffusion and filtration, L: Capillary walls; pulmonary alveoli of lungs; covering visceral organs; linings of body cavities

simple cuboidal epithelium

S: Single layer of cube-shaped cells F: excretion, secretion, or absorption L: Surface of ovaries; linings of kidney tubules, salivary ducts, and pancreatic ducts

simple columnar epithelium

S: Single layer of nonciliated, tall, column-shaped cells F: protection, secretion, and absorption L: Lining of most of digestive tract