Nervous system and tissue

Neurons

Is the communication of the nervous system

Glial cells

Supports the neurons

Soma

Cell body

Axon

Connect a neuron with its target

Process

The extension of the cell

Dendrite

Receives most of the input

Gray matter

Region with many cells

White matter

Regions with many axons

Ganglion vs. nucleus

A ganglion is the clustering of neuron bodies in the PNS and the nucleus is a cluster of cells in the CNS.

Tract

Is a bundle of axons or fibers found in the CNS

Define Afferent neurons picks up the sensory stimuli

Define Efferent neurons does something about the stimuli

Sensory functions the nervous system is divided into regions that are responsible for sensation

Motor functions is the response to sensations around us

Integration some regions are termed integration or association areas. It comes from sensory perception and higher cognitive functions e.g memory, learning, and emotion.

Conscious Perception is responsible for the conscious perception and voluntary motor responses.

Voluntary muscle response means the contraction of a skeletal muscle.

Reflexes do not require a conscious effort instead act as a natural reaction.

Autonomic Nervous System

What is the role of the ANS? Regulating involuntary body functions, specifically targeting:

Smooth and Cardiac muscle

Glands

Enteric Nervous System Controls the smooth muscle and glands of the digestive tract.

Synapse is the part of the neuron that receives information from other neurons.

Axon hillock A tapering of the axon body toward the axon fiber/

Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps in myelin sheets covering each neuron.

The axon terminal is at the end of the axon and usually has several branches extending toward the target cell.

The synaptic end bulb is the end of the branches that extend to the target cells.

Thermoreceptor

Found in the skin of the fingers and toes is a type of sensory receptor sensitive to temperature.

Graded Potential

Is the amount of change in the electric state. That change is dependent on the strength of the stimuli.

Threshold

The voltage at which the signal is generated.

Action Potential

Is the resulting electrical signal

Neurotransmitter

Is a signaling molecule

Thalamus

Is another neuron in the brain

Cerebral cortex Receives information from the thalamus

Upper Motor Neuron

Is specialized for sending signals down the spinal cord for movement

Precentral Gyrus of the Frontal Cortex has an axon that extends down the spinal cord and makes a synapse .

Lower Motor Neuron

Is the second motor neuron responsible for muscle contraction

Astrocyte (PNS/ Satellites cell)

Supports and regulate ions

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) Is a physiological barrier that keeps getting many substances that circulate the rest of the body from getting into the CNS.

Oligodendrocyte (CNS/ Shawann cell)

Insulation, myelination

Microglia

Immune surveillance and phagocytosis

Ependymal cell Creating CSF

Cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) is the fluid that circulates through the CNS.

Ventricle is one of the four central cavities that remnants of the hollow center of the neural tube formed during the embryonic development of the brain.

Choroid plexus is a specialized structure in the ventricles where the ependymal cells come in contact with blood vessels and filter and absorb components of the blood to produce CBF.