COM - Theory - M4

The Self

1. Self-awareness processes : knowing yourself

2. Interactions with others

3. Agency and Self-Regulation

Self-Knowledge

everything you believe to be true about who you are, what you are and what is important

Self-Schema

Individual beliefs (trait & state)

Trait

stable and enduring characteristics or pattern of behaviour

State

Temporary way of being that changes per situation

Forming of self-knowledge

• Introspection

• Interactions with the self

• Interactions with others

Self-concept motivators

1. Diagnosticity

2. Self-Enhancement

3. Consistency of self-verification

Diagnosticity

Preference for clearest information

Self-Enhancement

Preference for favourable information

Consistency of self-verification

Preference for confirmation

Self deception

believing what you want ; Self-serving attribution bias (take credit, blame others) ; Basking in reflected glory

Self Esteem

Evaluative part of self-concept
High = consistent belief

Self in interaction with others

Self emerges from interpersonal relations ; Self-presentation (impression management)

Social Identity Theory

We define our identity based on whom we interact with

Social Categorization

In-Group and Out-Group

In-Group

Group that one belongs to

Out-Group

Group one does not belong to

Social facilitation

Performing a task with an audience (know well → performance up / don’t know well → perfomance down)

Self Regulation

Self capacity to alter itself (internal & autonomous control / deliberate control)

Feedback loop

1. Comparing behaviour to standards

2. Monitoring: Keeping track of the behavior to be changed

3. Willpower: capacity to change the self

Agency

Need to assert oneself and make decisions based on personal interest and values

Frustration

Emotional outcome of a negative computing experience

High UX / High Usability

• Important for participants

• Provide easy form of leisure

• Perform intended function w/o problems

Low UX / Low Usability

• Causes frustration

• Tasks users would rather not do

• Products have problems that disturb use

High UX / Low Usability

• Investment of time

• Rewarding result

• Meant for reaching a specific goal

• Learning curve

Low UX / High Usability

• Products with minor - severe issues

• Easy to use, not enjoyable

Positive aspects of products

Utility ; Usability ; Likeability

Utility

Product works

Usability

User can work with the product

Likeability

Users feeling of suitability that leads to satisfaction

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UX

Person’s perceptions and responses that result from the use or anticipated use of a product, system or service

Accessibility

Usability of a product/service/environment/facility by people with widest range of capabilities

Adoption

Longtidunial process leading to a decision for technology use

Acceptance

focuses more on the user’s perceptions of adopting a technological innovation

Technology Acceptance Model

Perceived Usefulness

Perceived Ease of Use

Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technologies

• Integrates 8 seperate models

• Bases includes elements on empirical results

• Through psychological includes more of social environment and context

• Focus on the determinants of perceived user friendliness and usefulness, social determinants of intended/actual use, and behavioral control/mental resources.

Appropriation

Technical and cognitive mastery of technology, which integrates practices into daily use in significant and creative manner

• Processes for technology integration into users’ lives

• Research focuses on quality, diversity, intensity, which influences impact

• Model of Technology Appropriation

Model of Technology Appropriation - Levels

1. Initial Evaluation, weighing perceived features and value expectations

2. Getting to know technology through use. Constraints and functionalities are explored

3. Stable use of scenario of technology. Users know what they can use it for

Model of Technology Appropriation - Assumptions

Users shape technologies and users are shaped by technologies → constructivism

Teleological Perspective

Goal-drive change

Change driven by intentionality of users

Dialectical Perspective

Change is driven by opposing or contradictory forces

Evolutionary Perspective

Change occurs through continuous process of variation selection and retention

Domestication

Deals with cultural, social and technological networks of everyday life of households

• Mutual shaping: technology and daily life affect each other

• Technical properties might be less important than social negotiations and norms

Attitude

Good or bad evaluations we attach to objects

Valence (psychology)

the emotional value associated with a stimulus, event, or state.

Attitude structure

Valence and arousal

Attitude dimensions

Strength ; Extremity ; Importance ; Certainty ; Accessibility

Origins of attitude

• Direct Exposure

• Mere Exposure

• Selective Exposure

Mere exposure

favourable attitude by increasing frequency

Selective exposure

avoiding / seeking information

Evaluative conditioning

valence of stimulus can be transferred to other stimuli when repeatedly represented together

Self-persuasion

• Actively thinking about arguments in favor of a certain position

• Advocating

• Teaching yourself new positions theories

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Central vs Peripheral Route

The Six Principles of Persuasion

1. Reciprocity

2. Commitment

3. Social Proof

4. Liking

5. Authority

6. Scarcity

7. Unity

Reciprocity

Desire to give back when receiving an unexpected gift

Commitment

Desire to maintain consistency in what is said and done

Social Proof

Desire to follow lead of similar people

Liking

Desire to agree with people who share your values

Authority

Desire to agree with expert based on visual cues

Scarcity

Desire to get something that is limited or difficult to obtain

Unity

We’re likely to comply with requests from people in our group

Intention

Willingness to perform behaviour

Behaviour

Overt acts of an individual

Determinants of behaviour change

• Self-Efficacy

• Expected Outcome

• Risk Perception

• Goal setting & planning

Cognitive Dissonance

• Two conflicting ideas

• Try to rationalize dissonance

• Change belief/action/perception of action

Biologically Primary Knowledge

• We evolved to gain this knowledge

• Modular knowledge, aquired independently

• Acquired easily, automatically and unconsciously

Biologically Secondary Knowledge

• Cultural knowledge

• Types of knowledge that related and are acquired similarly

• Acquired deliberately with conscious effect

• Best acquired with explicit instruction

Information Processing Characteristics

• Information store principle

• Borrowing and reorganizing principle

• Randomness as a genesis principle

• Narrow limits of change principle

• Environmental organizing and linking principle

Cognitive Load Theory

How we process information; germane, extraneous, intrinsic

Element interactivity

degree to which parts of knowledge have to be learned together to make sense

Germane

mental capacity for integrating old with new information

Extraneous

added load caused by bad instructions

Intrinsic

inate level of difficulty

Cognitive theory of multimedia learning

• Dual channel

• Limited Capacity

• Active Processing

One channel is overloaded with learning demands

move essential processing to the other channel

Both channels are overloaded with learning demands

segmentation & pretraining

One or both channels are overloaded by combo of learning demands and distraction because extraneous material is included

Weeding & Signaling

One or both channels are overloaded by combo of learning demands and distraction because essential material is presented in a confusing way

Aligning words and pictures → spatial contiguity effect

Eliminating redundancy

One or both channels are overloaded by combo of learning demands and distraction and demands caused by intrinsic cognitive load

synchronising → temporal contiguity effect

individualising

Affordances

physical characteristics of a device or interface that allows it’s operation and characteristics in the appearance that give clues to proper functions

Cognitive Affordances

Helps to think or know about something

Physical Affordances

helps to physically do something

Sensory affordances

helps to perceive something

Hick-Hyman Law

the time that user needs to make a choice, based on the number of options

Fitt’s Law

The time required to mova a pointing device to a target is a function of the distance to the target and size