Principles of Imaging

anatomy, visual, correlate, collaboration, care, comprehensive

therapist studies imaging with background of functional _____, aid with _____ comprehension to _____ clinical and imaging findings, professional _____ to enhance quality of _____, more _____ evaluation is obtained

underlying, treatment, modification

imaging determines if there is _____ disease, what _____ is necessary, do these results require _____ of care

clinical reasoning, radiologist, screening, correct, data

therapist needs to understand imaging to improve _____, do NOT take place of _____, improves medical _____, ask for _____ imaging, examination includes all available _____

consultation, only, cointervention

decision making may be _____ (NO PT = refer), physical therapy _____ (appropriate to treat), or _____ (treat AND refer)

radiology

_____ = branch of medicine concerned with radiant energy and radioactive substances

MSK imaging, diagnostic evaluation, conventional radiology

_____ = subspeciality of radiology, concerned with _____ of MSK system, fundamental tool is _____

scope, supported, competence, outcomes, economical

expanding _____ of practice for the future, has NOT been unanimously _____, continue to demonstrate _____, favorable _____ in care, and _____ decision making

clinical prediction rules, ACR appropriateness criteria

clinical decision making includes _____ and _____

age, trauma, surgery, risk, appearance, pain, function, imaging, weight bearing, palpation

ACR appropriateness criteria look at factors like _____, _____ presence or absence, prior _____, _____ factors, _____, _____ provocation/physical _____ tests, other _____ results, _____ ability, and tenderness to _____

perspective, location

therapy evaluation helps to gain clinical _____ and investigate specific _____

consistent, presentation, explanation, modality, suspected, decision making, diagnostic validity, origin, referral, incomplete, pathologic, anatomical, developmental

consider if imaging findings are _____ with clinical _____ and potential _____, has correct imaging _____ been used to confirm/rule out _____ pathology and guide _____, selected imaging _____ to detect problem, has _____ of pathology been imaged or _____ pattern or _____ examination, if imaging findings are _____ or _____ variant or part of _____ age

direct, cost, decision making, equal, fracture, ACR, autonomous

rationale for imaging is _____ access, saving _____, need to improve _____, therapist and surgeons have _____ competency for identify need of imaging in potential _____, _____ NOT routinely taught in medical school, advocacy for _____ practice

needs xray

importance of decision making = NOT everyone _____

radiation exposure, susceptible, damage, smaller, exposure, latency, secondary cancer

risk of _____ at young age should be considered, actively reproducing tissue is more _____ to DNA _____, dose of ionizing radiation is spread over _____ area in child = greater _____, malignancy has longer _____ (period to develop _____)

strengths, weakness, predictive, prevalence

imaging modalities all have _____/_____, use is dependent on _____ contribution (_____ of disease)

anatomy, beam source, patient, image receptor, visible, radiograph

radiograph is xray film containing image of _____, production requires _____, _____, and _____, xray is NOT _____ to human eye = say _____

modification, contrast

conventional radiograph = made without _____ of equipment vs addition of _____ media

energy, radiation, higher, ionize, disrupt, composition, life

radiation is _____ transmitted through space/matter, different forms of energy can be transmitted as _____, _____ energy forms have ability to _____ atoms in matter = ability to _____ the _____ of matter and could disrupt _____, natural vs artificial

shade of gray, anatomy, interaction, receptor

_____ that represents the _____ is determined by the molecular _____ of xrays with body tissues NOT type of image _____

film, luminescence, decrease, radiation, radiodensities, anatomic structures, passed

_____/screen radiography is gold standard, combination of photographic film with crystal coated intensifying screen, use _____ of crystals to _____ amount of _____ to make image, receptor housed in cassette, final image is representation of _____ of _____ through which xrays have _____

fluoroscopy, increased

_____ = dynamic/continuous radiographic examination = _____ amount of radiation

computed, absorbed, scans, light, signal

_____ radiography = process of producing digital radiograph by exposing a phosphor screen to xrays, xrays are _____ on screen and laser beam _____ the screen, results in emitted photostimulated _____ converted into electrical analog _____

wide, structure, response, different

computed radiography has extremely _____ exposure latitude, same reusable detector under any condition, have similar internal physical _____ and exposure _____ to screen, few changes necessary to equipment, and radiation dose is NOT significantly _____

semiconductor, signal, scintillation, light, electrical, digitized

direct digital radiography has conversion detectors that use xray sensitive _____ material to covert xrays into electrical _____ vs indirect digital radiography uses xray absorbing _____ material to convert xray photons into _____ photons, both yield latent image converted to _____ signal and then _____

cheaper, compatible, portable, resolution, faster

computed is _____, equipment is _____ with film equipment, highly _____, and higher _____ while digital is _____

radiodensity, absorbed, composition, thickness

_____ = combination of physical qualities of an object that determine how much radiation is _____ by xray beam include _____ (atomic number and volume density) and _____

effective number, volume density, thickness, increased

increased object’s _____/_____/_____ = _____ radiodensity

blackening, inverse

radiographic density = amount of _____ on radiograph, _____ relationship between radiodensity and radiographic density

decreased, whiter, increased, blacker

increased object radiodensity = _____ radiographic density = _____ image

decreased object radiodensity = _____ radiographic density = _____ image

radiopaque, attenuate, white

_____ = not easily penetrated by xrays, great radiodensity that will _____ almost all xrays, no image reaches receptor, object is _____

human, radiodense, increased radiodensity

_____ tissues do NOT normally possess enough radiodensity to be considered radiopaque, use _____ instead to describe areas of _____

radiolucent, dark

_____ = easily penetrated by xrays, most xrays reach image receptor, object is _____

air, fat, water, bone, metal, black, white

increasing object radiodensity _____/_____/_____/_____/_____ = _____ to _____

thicker, increased, lighter

_____ object has _____ radiodensity even if same substance, in homogenous composition portions appear _____

projection angle, two dimensions, third dimension, second radiograph, 90 degrees, request

form of anatomic image = _____ from xray beam, single radiograph provides _____, _____ needed (_____) taken at _____, imaging _____ must account for these factors

position, general body position, specific radiographic position, body part, closest, surface

_____ = patient’s physical position as _____ and _____ which describe which _____ is _____ to image receptor or which _____ body part is lying

decubitus, horizontal, anatomical position

_____ describes both _____ body position and xray beam, directional terms/body planes in reference to _____

projection

_____ = path of xray beam

two radiographs, right angles, dimensions, locate, alignment

minimum of _____ made at _____ to each other are necessary to provide information about structure _____, _____ lesions/foreign bodies, determine _____ of fractures

anteroposterior, all, posteroanterior, lateral, oblique, rotation

_____ = xray has traveled through body AP (_____ bones/joints except hand = _____), _____ = xray traveled at right angle to AP/PA, _____ = xray traverses at angle between AP and lateral, _____ of body part

density, contrast, visibility, detail, distortion, clarity, findings

image quality factors = _____ and _____ photographic control _____ while _____ and _____ geometric control _____, quality can change _____

visualization, number, minimal radiation, screen

routine radiographic exam provides most _____ of anatomy with least _____ of radiographs to expose patient to _____, basic assessment tool to _____ for pathologic conditions

positive, negative, suspected, treatment, negative, suspicion, another, inconclusive, additional imaging, wrong

results can be _____/_____ for _____ diagnosis = direct _____, _____ for one diagnosis but raising _____ for _____ diagnosis, _____ requiring _____ to confirm/rule out suspected diagnosis, or _____

symptoms, reassessment, differential diagnosis, diagnostic test

if results do NOT fit clinical _____, _____ of problem is needed to formulate new _____ or use other _____

convenient, inexpensive, pathologies, decisions

radiography advantages are _____, _____, identifies many _____, allows appropriate management _____

soft tissue, superimposition, increased radiodensity, ionizing radiation

radiography disadvantages are limited for _____, _____ of bone (_____ appearance), and presence of _____

conventional radiography, contrast, advanced

first step is _____ and its related studies (_____ enhanced and conventional tomography) may lead to _____ imaging (MRI, CT, diagnostic US, nuclear)

sensitivity, cost, time, invasiveness, dose, expertise

imaging studies vary based on tissue specific _____, _____, amount of _____, level of _____, radiation _____, and _____ required

visualization, contrast, injected, ingested, radiolucent, radiopaque, combination, invasive, risk

contrast enhanced radiographs improve _____ by increasing radiographic _____ in areas with minimal inherently, contrast medium is _____/_____ before radiograph is taken, may be _____/_____/_____, all are _____ and carry _____ for patient

arthrography, joint space, joint capsule, internal, abnormality, multiplanar, clarity, modalities

_____ = contrast media study of a joint and its soft tissue structures, contrast material injected into _____ to distend _____ and outline _____ tissues to demonstrate _____ of synovium, ligament, articular cartilage, joint capsule, NOT _____ and may vary in _____ of detail, used with other _____

myelography, subarachnoid, CSF

_____ = contrast media study of spinal cord, nerve root, dura mater, contrast injected into _____ and mixes with _____, produces column of radiopaque fluid, commonly perform CT scan

conventional tomography, plane, depths, extent, healing

_____ = body section radiography, radiographic eval of one predetermined _____ of the body, various _____ are image, _____ of injury can be determined or used to assess _____

detail, soft tissue, positioning, radiation

conventional tomography CANNOT enhance _____ (process of controlled blurring), insufficient _____ detail, difficulty _____ traumatized patients for angles, high _____ doses

CT, arc, shades of gray, radiation absorption, sensitivity

_____ merges xray technology with computer, in circular scanner that moves in _____ around patient, _____ are specific to each tissue’s exact _____ properties, identifies structures with greater _____

tumor, subtle, complex, intraarticular, fragments, bone mineral

CT advantages are valuable in evaluating bone/soft tissue _____, _____/_____ fractures, _____ abnormalities, small bone _____, and quantitative _____ analysis

average volume, one, tissue type, ionizing radiation, expensive

CT disadvantages are _____ effect (display only _____ shade of gray even though may contain >1 _____), lots of _____, and _____

nuclear, gamma rays, metabolism, uptake

_____ imaging uses radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis/therapy/research, pharmaceutical and radionuclide emit _____ by injection/ingestion/inhalation, changes in _____ are identified by variations in _____

bone scan, increased uptake, growth plates, subtle, tumor, infection, AVN, metabolic, pain, specificity, differential diagnosis, independent

nuclear imaging of skeleton = _____ (scintigraphy), abnormal condition = _____, exception is _____, indicated for _____ fracture, primary/metastatic _____, _____, _____, _____ bone disease, unexplained bone _____, lack of _____ in ______ = NOT useful as _____ study

ionizing radiation, radiofrequency wave, magnetic field, intensifies, quality, soft tissue, internal joint, tumor

MRI does NOT involve _____, provides information via interaction of tissue with _____ in _____, signal _____ from anatomic structure to create high _____ image, used for evaluation of _____ trauma, _____ derangement, and _____

sound waves, invasive, ionizing, absorption, reflection, acoustic, soft tissue, blood flow, physical examination

US is generation of anatomic image using _____, NON_____ and NON_____, based on tissue characteristics of _____/_____ of sound waves of different _____ qualities, diagnosis of lesions in _____ and measurement of _____, images can be made during _____

diagnostic, diagnose, monitor, rehabilitative, structure, function, biofeedback, interventional, procedure, research, measurement, explore, screening tools, interventions

_____ US is used to _____/_____ pathology, _____ US is used to evaluate _____ and _____ including _____ during physical tasks, _____ US guides percutaneous _____, _____ US performed to take _____, _____ structure/function, and develop/evaluate _____ and _____

osteoblast formation, osteoclast resorption, bone density

osteoporosis = decreased _____ + increased _____ = decreased _____

precision, radiation, bone mass density, visually, thoracolumbar spine, nondominant hip, peripheral screening, referral

DEXA has greatest _____ with lowest _____, quantifies _____, NOT interpreted _____, modified radiographs of _____ and _____ are digitally analyzed, _____ is used to investigate for _____ (hand, wrist, calcaneus)

-1 or more, -1 to -2.4, -2.5 or less

normal T score = _____, osteopenia = _____, osteoporosis = _____

nonoperatively, imaging, epidural, block, ablation, diskography, biopsy

invasive or surgical radiology = diagnosis or treatment of disease _____, procedures under guidance of _____, vascular or nonvascular, _____ steroid injections, spinal nerve _____, radiofrequency _____, _____, percutaneous needle ____, vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty

diagnostic, rehabilitation, human, tool, answer, clinical reasoning, one, patient

intersection of _____ radiology with _____ = produce more possibility to enhance evaluation and research, _____ plays important role in imaging system, clinicians must discriminate between imaging as _____ vs _____, use _____, imaging systems are _____ link in larger chain that starts and ends with _____