Unit 8 - Reform Movements

Second Great Awakening + Reform Movements

religious movements that swept across the U.S. that led to reform.

Revival

emotional meeting designed to awaken faith through passionate praise and preaching. Preachers scared people through their teachings.

What did preachers reject?

the idea of predestination.

What did preachers emphasize?

individuals were responsible for their salvation through their actions.

What happened to the numbers for church attendance?

a record number of church attendances were achieved.

Transcendentalism

philosophical and literary movements that helped emphasize living a simple life.

Important people in Transcendentalism

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau

lived in a cabin away from society for two years in order to focus on writing Walden.

Civil disobedience

idea that instead of violent protest, just disobey laws you believe are unjust.

Idea held by Unitarians

rather than responding to emotions, Unitarians emphasized reason and appealed to conscience as the paths to perfection.

Utopian Communities

experimental groups who tried to create “utopias,” or perfect living spaces.

Shakers

Unitarian group that believed men and women were equal.

What was not available before school reform?

no public education. only the wealthy could afford tutors.

Horace Mann

“Father of Public Education”

What did people want to change about the prison system?

ideas of focusing more on rehabilitation rather than punishment were pushed.

Dorothea Dix

reform leader for the mentally ill.

Cult of Domesticity

tradition of housework and childcare being a married woman’s only role in life.

Who was Sarah and Angelina Grimke?

daughters of slaveholders who spoke out for abolitionism.

Temperance Movement

the prohibition of alcohol use.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

decided to hold a women’s rights convention. (Seneca Falls Convention) LEADERS OF THE WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT

Seneca Falls Convention

the first women’s rights convention.

Declaration of Sentiments

documents presented at the convention that called for equal rights for women.

Strike

work stoppage in order to force an employer to respond to demands.

Labor Unions

an organized group of workers formed to protect their rights and interests.

Bad conditions of factories

poor ventilation, worker safety, longs hours(13), wages, child labor