CJ exam 2

What is Vigilantism?

The act of taking the law into one’s own hands

What comes Stabuli is?

A non-uniformed mounted law enforcement officer of medieval England. Early police forces were small and relatively unorganized but made effective use of local resources in the formation of possess, the pursuit of offenders, and the like.

What are bobbies?

Members of the British Metropolitan Police are nicknamed bobbies, after Sir Robert Peel

POST program 

the official program of a state or legislative jurisdiction that sets standards for the training of law enforcement officers. All states set such standards, although not all use the term POST

When can discretion be used?

Discretion = choice

ex: whether to give a warning, write a ticket, or take to jail

Factors that influence discretion 

background of the officer 

characteristics of the suspect 

department policy 

community interest 

pressure from victims 

disagreement with the law 

available alternatives

personal practices of the officer 

How is crime prevention approached?

the anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of crime risk and the initiation of action to eliminate or reduce it.

police agencies act before a crime happens

Describe policing in early America

based on the British model

all able bodied men responded to cries for help by joining together in a posse to search for the suspect

Posses were either led by the shir reeve 9county leader) or one of the few comites stabuli (mounted officers)

Early American law enforcement was based on England’s experience yet unique to the reality of colonialism and expansionism

Frontier was home to many outlaws, but lacked established police forces so settlers took to vigilantism

Large cities had small scale organized police forces watching the Metropolitan Police of London

Sir Robert Peel established the world’s first modern police force

• 1,000 officers called bobbies

Know about private security 

self-employed individuals and privately funded business entities and organizations providing security-related services to specific clientele for a fee, for the individual or entity that retains or employs them, or for themselves, in order to protect their persons, private property, or interests from various hazards. 

Know about the Law of the Western frontier and how it can be characterized

the frontier was home to many outlaws but lacked established police forces so many settlers took to vigilantism

How do officers view themselves ?

crime fighters

The relation between local law enforcement agencies and responding to terrorism

depends substantially on budgetary considerations and is strongly influenced by the assessed likelihood of attack

Public law enforcementvs private security  

public law enforcement: agencies of government (city, county, state, federal) Funded by taxes, accountable to the public. 

Private security: non-governmental individuals ( security firms, company guards) their authority comes from contract or property rights. Accountable to their employer or client. 

How are police chiefs and sherrifs elected

Sheriffs are elected public officials whose agencies are responsible for law enforcement throughout the counties in which they function. 

Police chiefs are appointed by the major or selected by the city council

Know who associated with London’s New Police

Sir Robert Peel formed the world’s first modern police force in 1829

What did the Kansas City Preventative patrol experiment establish?

The Kansas City Experiment tested the use of preventive patrol on crime rates and citizen’s fear of crime. The experiment revealed that

• Crime rates were not impacted by preventive patrol

• Preventive patrol does not impact fear of crime

• Directed patrol is a better way to productively use patrol officers

Understand what separates an agency from being 

Local: Encompass a wide variety of agencies (municipal departments, sheriff’s departments, specialized groups, like campus police and transit police) 

State: most state police agencies were created in the late ninetieth or early twentieth century. The Texas Rangers were the first. Today there is a lot of diversity among the different state police agencies. 

Federal: federal law enforcement agencies are distributed among 15 U.S. government departments and 28 non- department entities. Additionally, many other government officers are not involved in enforcement of laws through inspection, regulation, and control activities. 

A U.S. government agency or office whose primary functional responsibility is to enforce federal criminal laws. 

What is considered the backbone of police work?

Patrol

What seeks to reduce chronic offending in the community?

community policing

Chain of command

the organizational chart of any police agency shows a hierarchical chain of command 

chief of police 

deputy chief/assistant chief 

major/commander

captain 

lieutenant

sergeant 

corporal (some departments) 

police officer/ patrol officer 

probationary officer AKA the Rookie 

what takes priority over all other police work?

emergency responses

Who are the Bow Street Runners?

An early English police unit formed under the leadership of Henry Fielding, magistrate of the Bow Street region of London

Where did the first modern state police agency originate?

Pennsylvania 

What does a centralized state law enforcement agency do?

a) combine criminal investigations duties and state highway patrol

b) assist local departments

c) operate identification bureaus

d) maintain a criminal records repository

e) patrol highways

f) provide training for local officers

Know the functions of a sheriff’s department

a) responsible for law enforcement throughout their counties

• mostly patrol the unincorporated areas that lie between municipalities

• jurisdiction is throughout the entire county

• operate county jails

• serve court papers

• maintain security in state courtrooms

• most departments have fewer than 25 full time officers

What federal agency manages the database of DNA profiles?

The FBI operates the Combined DNA index System (CODIS)

Who is responsible for serving court papers, maintaning security within courtrooms, and running the county jail?

Sheriff’s office

Probable cause definition 

the reasonable belief that a specific person has committed a specific crime 

two requirements for Miranda

guilt seeking questions

custody

Team policing

the reorganization of conventional patrol strategies into “an integrated and versatile police team assigned to a fixed district”

Strategic  policing 

A type of policing that retains the traditional police goal of professional crime fighting but enlarges the enforcement target to include non- traditional kinds or criminals such as serial offenders, gangs and criminal associations, drug- distribution networks, and sophisticated white collar and computer criminals. Strategic policing generally makes use of innovative enforcement techniques, including intelligence operations, undercover stings, electronic surveillance, and sophisticated forensic methods 

Problem Solving Policing 

A type of policing that assumes that crimes can be controlled by undercovering and effectively addressing they underlying social problems that cause crime. Problem solving policing makes use of community resources, such as counseling centers, welfare programs, and job training facilities. It also attempts to involve citizens in crime prevention through education, negotiation, and conflict management. 

Community Policing

a collaborative effort between the police and the community that identifies problems of crime and disorder and involves all elements of the community in the search for solutions to these problems.

Watchman Style

a style of policing by concern for order maintenance. A watchman policing is characteristic of lower- class communities where police intervene informally into the lives of residents to keep the peace.

Legalistic style

A style of policing marked by a strict concern with enforcing the precise letter of the law. Legalistic departments may take a hands- off approach to disruptive or problematic behavior that does not violate the criminal law. 

Service Style

a style of policing marked by a concern with helping rather than strict enforcement. Service- oriented police agencies are more likely to use community resources, such as drug- treatment programs, to supplement activities than are other types of agencies.

Police Community Relations (PCR)

an area of police activity that recognizes the need for the community and the police wo work together effectively. PCR is based on the notion that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve. Many police agencies began to explore PCR in the 1960s and 1970s