A1 – Psychological Definition of Health and Ill Health, Addiction, and Stress Health and Ill Health

What does the biomedical model of health focus on?

It views health as the absence of disease or physical malfunction.

What are the strengths of the biomedical model?

It is scientifically testable, objective, and effective for acute illnesses.

What is a limitation of the biomedical model?

It ignores psychological and social factors.

What does the biopsychosocial model consider in health?

It considers the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors.

Give an example of how the biopsychosocial model applies to health.

A person's recovery from surgery depends on genetic resilience, optimism, and family support.

What does health as a continuum mean?

Health and illness exist on a scale rather than a binary classification.

What is an example of health existing on a continuum?

A smoker with no disease may be mid-continuum, while someone with cancer is at the illness end.

What are the characteristics of a behavioral addiction?

Compulsive engagement in rewarding non-substance-related behavior.

What is physiological addiction?

Physical dependence on a substance leading to withdrawal symptoms when stopped.

What is salience in Griffiths’ six components of addiction?

Activity dominates thinking and behavior.

What does tolerance refer to in addiction?

Needing increasing amounts of a substance for the same effect.

What are the physiological responses to stress described by the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

The stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

What is a key aspect of Lazarus's psychological stress theory?

Stress depends on the person's appraisal of a situation.

How does the cognitive approach explain behavior?

Behavior is influenced by thoughts, beliefs, and interpretations.

What does self-efficacy theory propose?

Belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations influences behavior.

What are the stages of the Transtheoretical Model?

Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance.

How does the Health Belief Model predict behavior change?

It considers perceived seriousness, susceptibility, cost-benefit analysis, and cues to action.

What influences an internal locus of control?

The belief that personal actions determine outcomes.

What does the Theory of Planned Behavior include as its components?

Personal attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control.

What is one limitation of the Theory of Planned Behavior?

Intention does not always equal behavior.

What is a limitation of the self-efficacy theory?

It doesn't account for external barriers.

Name a source of self-efficacy according to Bandura.

Mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, or emotional states.

What does the role of personality types (A vs B) indicate in stress levels?

Type A individuals are at higher stress risk, while Type B individuals are at lower risk.

What are common sources of stress at work?

Role conflict, low control, and poor environment.

What are potential long-term effects of stress?

Heart disease, hypertension, and stroke.