distortions of episodic memory

JD was a white house counsel who gave testimony during congressional hearings on _____

Watergate

why did John dean give a testimony at the White House during the congressional hearing for Watergate?

it was noted that he had a fantastic memory for the events in question

John dean was the ___ ___ ____

human tape recorder

who was the president that made audio recordings of the meetings about which John dean testified?

nixon

psychologist Ulric Neisser compared tapes to testimony and found that JDs memory was-

not a transcript of an event or experience

instead Neisser found certain reliable and systematic errors in JDs recollections, describing JDs memory as:

constructed, staged, and self centered

was the gist of what JD remembered consistent with the content of recordings?

yes

1 multiple choice option

retrieved episodes are contracted using _____ information and _____

gist information and schemas

episodic memory is though to involve a simplified representation of the themes and _____ _______ of an event.

primary features

the _____ of what happened in a given episode is what the brain actually stores over the long term

gist

the brain uses gist information to ______ your recollection of an episode during retrieval

construct

memory is NOT a filing cabinet in which a perfect representation of events is ______ and then ______

stored and then retrieved

details of remembered episodes can thus be added using _______ (organized systems of knowledge) and the psychological context in which retrieval occurs

schemas

the _______ plays a role in memory and imagination

hippocampus

when the hippocampus highlights a certain memory itself that might be an ______ process

imaginative

addis and colleagues compared _______ and _______ episodes in the fMRI

imagined and recollected

hippocampal activity does not distinguish between ______ and _______ episodes

imagined and remembered

hippocampus may coordinate activity in other parts of the brain to stimulate an -

imagined experience

the misinformation technique pioneered by Elizabeth Loftus, involved a memory created in the lab using either a movie or a series of still images that form a ______

vignette

after seeing the movie or still pictures to form a memory in the lab subjects will later receive a narrative description of the vignette in which -

some but not all details are intentionally distorted

after seeing the distorted pictures the subjects will finally be given a test to see if the subject remembers the actual or distorted details. using this technique its easy to create some degree of-

false or distorted memory in most people

edelson et al 2011 performed a misinformation study in an fMRI to examine brain activity with _____ _____

memory distortion

after watching a movie subjects were given ______ feedback about a particular detail

incorrect

1 multiple choice option

in edelsons experiment he asked a question what was this question?

did the police officer arrest a man or a child

________ social feedback produced persistent errors in memory, even when prior tests showed that subjects memory of a particular detail was accurate

erroneous

persistent errors were predicted by activation of the ________ during erroneous social feedback

hippocampus and amygdala

3 multiple choice options

non social erroneous feedback did not activate the _______, and did not produce as many persistent errors

amygdala

3 multiple choice options

stark et al 2010 performed a misinformation study in which subjects saw a series of vignettes with ______ _____ and then later heard a ______ _____ of those vignettes that described several details incorrectly. their memories were then tested in an fMRI

still images; recorded description

______ and ______ memories produced no differences in hippocampal activity

true and false

the stark et al misinformation study saw that differences were found in _______

cortex

in the stark et al misinformation study.... _______ seems equally involved in true and false memory, though the ______ activity associated with each was distinct

hippocampus; cortical

edelson and colleagues conductor another experiment in which subjects received ______ social feedback about the details of a movie

erroneous

in edelsons and colleagues experiment subjects were then informed after the details of the movie that the erroneous social feedback was _____ ______, and thus _______, before having memory tested again in the fMRI

randomly generated; uninformative

being told that the social feedback was uninformative ________ memory performance

increased

1 multiple choice option

being told that the social feedback was uninformative activated a ______ ______ of regions

correction network

this correction network of regions is primarily in the ________ _____ of the brain

prefrontal cortex

prefrontal activity during correction, and improved memory performance, were ________ predicted by ________ and _________ activity during erroneous social feedback

negatively, amygdala and hippocampus

Elizabeth Loftus and colleagues conducted a standard misinformation experiment with ______ individuals

HSAM

HSAM individuals in the misinformation study were (more/less) effectively mislead by the misinformation technique

more

1 multiple choice option

HSAM individuals who scored _____ on a public events quiz were _____ vulnerable to misinformation

higher, more

3 multiple choice options

HSAM individuals with higher PEQ scores were more likely to specifically remember a correspondence between _________ during the narrative and the ______ vignette

misinformation, original

what's the test used to test memory?

PEQ