biology 1010 final older terms

Homeostasis

Stable internal operating conditions in the body

Integument

Protective outer covering of the body, helps control internal temperature. Sensory receptors detect environment stimuli.

Epidermis

Outermost layer of skin that acts as a protective barrier for the body. Contains the stratum basale and stratum corneum.

Dermis

thick inner layer of skin that contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands.

Sweat glands

produce fluid in response to stress

Skin cancer

Most common form of cancer in the U.S., forms of it include basal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma (3/4 death of skin cancer) and squamos cell carcinoma

Muscoskeletal system

includes bones, muscles, joints, and cartilage, working together to support the body and enable movement.

Hyaline cartilage

Cartilage found in tracheal rings, end of nose, end of sternum and in articulating joints

Elastic cartilage

Cartilage found in the external ear

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage found in intervertebral disks

Osteocytes

Bone cells found in compact bone and housed in spaces called lacunae

Spongy bone

Found mostly in the epiphysis, contains red marrow that produces blood cells

Synovial joints

Move freely, stabilized by ligaments.

Ligaments

Connect bones to other bones

Tendons

Muscles connect to bones near joints and transmit force to move the bone.

Sarcomeres

structural units of muscle fibers that contract to produce muscle movement

Cardiac Muscle

Found in the heart, contains intercalated disks and a single nucleus

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found in walls of internal organs, responsible for movements like digestion and blood flow, has a single nucleus.

Salivary glands

Produce saliva which contains salivary amylase

Salivary amylase

Enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose

Bolus

When mucus binds food into a softened ball

Pharnyx

Tubular entrance into the esophagus and trachea

Epiglottis

Flap like valve that closes of the trachea

Esophagus

Muscular tube that connects pharnyx to the stomach

Cardiac sphincter

Juncture of esophagus and stomach

Stomach

Mucular sac that stores and mixes food, breaks proteins into polypeptides

Pepsin

Enzyme that hydrolyzes protein, formed when pepsinogen comes into contact with HCl

Chyme

Food-liquid mixture formed with high stomach acidity and strong stomach contractions

Pyloric sphincter

Where chyme exits the stomach and into the small intestine

Duodenum

First 8–10 inches of the small intestine, receives secretions from the stomach, pancreas, liver and gall bladder

Jejunum

Middle portion of the small intestine

Ileum

Lower half of the small intestine

Pancreas

Produces enzymes and sodium bicarbonate

Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase

Enzymes that break proteins down to amino acids

Lipase

Emulsifies liquids

Amylase

Enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose

Villi

Fingerlike projections covering the folds of the small intestine. Each one houses a lymph vessel called a lacteal, blood vessels and nerves

Lacteal

Lymph vessel housed in the villis along with blood vessels and nerves

Peristalsis

Waves of contractions moving food through the digestive tract

Large intestine (colon)

Other name for the large intestine, undigestible residue passes through the ileoceal valve and into here. It stores feces.

Circulatory system

Used for rapid internal transport to and from cells. Interstitial fluid bathes cells, blood interacts with interstitial fluid

Blood Pressure

Fluid pressure imported to the blood by heart contractions, represented by systolic and diastolic values. Pressure is highest in contracting ventricles and lowest in relaxed atria

Red Blood Cells

AKA Erythrocytes, have no nucleus, produced in bone marrow and contain hemoglobin (iron based protein)

White Blood Cells

AKA Leukocytes, larger and less numerous than red blood cells. Have a nucleus, purple stained

Platelets

AKA Thrombocytes, are cell fragments, last 5–9 days, used for blood clotting

4 Types of Blood

A,B,AB,O

Atria

2 upper chambers

Ventricles

2 Lower chambers, right - tricuspid, left - bicuspid

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Located between atria and the ventricles, forced open by rising fluid pressure

Semilunar valves

open (pulmonary semilunar is the right, aortic semilunar is the left) - where blood flows out of the heart

Capillary function

1. Red Blood Cells squeeze single file through capillaries. 2. Blood slows down allows for exchange of O₂ out of capillaries and CO₂ back in 3. When force is higher inside capillaries, substances diffuse OUT of capillary 4. When force is higher outside capillaries, substance diffuse IN to capillary (reabsorption)

What’s the function of the respiratory system?

Used for exchange of oxygen and CO₂, allows for speech and sense of smell

Inhalation

Diaphragm contracts, external intercostal muscles contract and raise rib cage, thoracic activity and lungs expand, pressure inside the lungs and alveoli drops. Air rushes in.

Excretory System

Gain and loss of water and solutes. Gained through absorption from liquid and solid foods, metabolism and respiration. Lost by urinary excretion, sweat, fecess

Kidneys

Composed of a cortex and medulla. Filters substances from the blood. 99% returns to the blood, 1% that doesn’t is urine

Filtration

In urine formation, pressure filters blood by forcing water and solutes out of the glomerular capillaries

Reabsorption

In urine formation, solutes and water exit nephron tubules, enter peritubular capillaries, and rejoin circulation.

Secretion

In urine formation, solutes from the peritubular capillaries are secreted into the nephron

Hypothalamus

In forebrain, synthesizes 2 oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone which are conveyed to pituitary gland’s posterior lobe

Pituitary gland

At the base of the hypothalamus, contains anterior and posterior lobes

Antidiuretic Hormone

Used for reabsorption of water from nephron. Drinking alcohol prevents production of this hormone