research methods final

What does EBP stand for?

Evidence-Based Practice

What are the three components of EBP?

Best external evidence; Clinical expertise; Client values/preferences

What type of evidence is considered external evidence?

Research evidence from scientific studies and professional resources

What ASHA resource provides filtered evidence?

ASHA Evidence Maps

What ASHA resource provides clinical guidance and evidence summaries?

ASHA Practice Portal

What type of study systematically summarizes all available evidence on a topic?

Systematic Review

What type of study statistically combines results from multiple studies?

Meta-analysis

What is an RCT?

Randomized Controlled Trial

Why are peer-reviewed journals important?

They contain research that has been evaluated by experts before publication

What is the purpose of Evidence-Based Practice?

To make clinical decisions using evidence, expertise, and client values

What does IRB stand for?

Institutional Review Board

What is the primary purpose of an IRB?

To protect human research participants

What is the first step in the IRB process?

Develop a research proposal

What happens after a research proposal is developed?

The protocol is submitted to the IRB

What factors does the IRB review?

Risks, benefits, confidentiality, and informed consent

What are the three possible IRB decisions?

Approve, request changes, or reject

When can a study begin?

After IRB approval

What happens after a study is approved?

The study is conducted and monitored until completion

Why is informed consent reviewed by the IRB?

To ensure participants understand the study and their rights

What is pseudoscience?

Claims that appear scientific but lack objective evidence

What is the first warning sign of pseudoscience?

Reliance on anecdotal evidence

What is anecdotal evidence?

Personal stories or experiences rather than scientific research

What is another warning sign of pseudoscience?

The treatment is not aligned with accepted theories or models

What is a third warning sign of pseudoscience?

New terms are invented or existing terms are misused

What is a fourth warning sign of pseudoscience?

No peer-reviewed publications support the treatment

What is a fifth warning sign of pseudoscience?

The treatment over-promises results

What is NSOME?

Non-speech oral motor exercises

Which pseudoscientific treatment was discussed in class involving oral motor exercises?

NSOME

Which computerized language program was discussed as pseudoscience?

Fast ForWord

Which sensory-based program was discussed as pseudoscience?

Soundsory

What is positive skepticism?

Critically evaluating claims before accepting them

How should clinicians respond to pseudoscientific claims?

Ask for evidence

How should clinicians evaluate a treatment's effectiveness?

Investigate the research

What should clinicians identify when evaluating research?

Bias

What should clinical decisions be based on?

Evidence rather than anecdotes

What does PICO stand for?

Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome

What is the first step of the EBP process?

Ask a clinical question using PICO

What is the second step of the EBP process?

Search for evidence

What is the third step of the EBP process?

Critically appraise the evidence

What is the fourth step of the EBP process?

Integrate evidence with expertise and client preferences

What is the fifth step of the EBP process?

Implement the intervention

What is the sixth step of the EBP process?

Evaluate outcomes

What is selection bias?

Participants are not representative of the target population

What is assignment bias?

Groups differ before the intervention begins

What is performance bias?

Participants' behavior changes because they know their group assignment

What is detection bias?

Outcome assessors know which participants received treatment

What is attrition bias?

Participants drop out before the study is completed

What is reporting bias?

Researchers selectively report positive findings

What is publication bias?

Studies with positive findings are more likely to be published

What is implicit bias?

Unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect decisions

What is explicit bias?

Conscious attitudes or beliefs that affect decisions

What is confirmation bias?

Favoring evidence that supports existing beliefs

What is informed consent?

A process that ensures participants understand a study before agreeing to participate

What is one right of research participants?

To know the purpose of the study

What is another right of research participants?

To know the risks and benefits

What is another right of research participants?

To ask questions

What is another right of research participants?

To participate voluntarily

What is another right of research participants?

To withdraw at any time

What is the first ethical principle in research?

Respect for Persons

What does Respect for Persons emphasize?

Autonomy and informed consent

What is the second ethical principle in research?

Beneficence

What does Beneficence require?

Maximizing benefits and minimizing harm

What is the third ethical principle in research?

Justice

What does Justice require?

Fair selection of participants

What is sensitivity?

The ability of a test to correctly identify individuals with a disorder

What formula is used for sensitivity?

TP / (TP + FN)

What does TP stand for?

True Positive

What does FN stand for?

False Negative

What does high sensitivity mean?

Few false negatives

Why is high sensitivity important?

It reduces missed diagnoses

What is specificity?

The ability of a test to correctly identify individuals without a disorder

What formula is used for specificity?

TN / (TN + FP)

What does TN stand for?

True Negative

What does FP stand for?

False Positive

What does high specificity mean?

Few false positives

What is the highest level of evidence?

Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

What is a Systematic Review with Meta-analysis?

A systematic review that statistically combines study results

What is a major strength of a meta-analysis?

Large combined sample size

What is another strength of a meta-analysis?

More precise estimate of treatment effect

What is a weakness of a meta-analysis?

It is only as strong as the studies included

When can a meta-analysis be performed?

When studies are sufficiently similar

What factors must be similar for a meta-analysis?

Participants, outcomes, design, and measures

What is a Systematic Review?

A systematic collection and critical evaluation of all relevant studies on a topic

What is the purpose of a Systematic Review?

To summarize all available evidence

What is a strength of a Systematic Review?

Reduces bias through a systematic search process

What is a weakness of a Systematic Review?

Depends on the quality of included studies

What is the gold standard study design for intervention research?

Randomized Controlled Trial

Why is randomization important in an RCT?

It helps make groups comparable

What is a major strength of an RCT?

Can establish cause-and-effect relationships

What is another strength of an RCT?

High internal validity

What is a weakness of an RCT?

Can be expensive and time-consuming

What type of study follows groups over time based on exposure?

Cohort Study

Is a Cohort Study experimental or observational?

Observational

What is the purpose of a Cohort Study?

To examine relationships between exposures and outcomes

What type of study starts with a condition and looks backward for causes?

Case-Control Study

Is a Case-Control Study usually retrospective or prospective?

Retrospective

What is a major strength of a Case-Control Study?

Useful for studying rare disorders

What is a Cross-Sectional Study?

A study that measures participants at one point in time

What does a Cross-Sectional Study provide?

A snapshot of a population

Can a Cross-Sectional Study establish causation?

No