section 1 test study (pt.2)

Evolutionary psychology

Psychology’s newest approach emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior

DNA

a complex molecule that contains genetic information

Genes

The basic units of hereditary information are short segments of DNA

mitosis

All cells in the human body, except the sperm and eggs, have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. These cells reproduce through ______: the cell’s nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself and divides

meiosis

Eggs and sperm are formed through _____: a cell of the testes or ovaries duplicates its chromosomes but then divides twice, forming four cells

Fertilization

Egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote. Each zygote has 23 unpaired chromosomes from the egg and another 23 unpaired chromosomes from the sperm.

Genotype

all of a person’s actual genetic material

Phenotype

Observable and measurable characteristics of an individual

Behavior genetics

Investigates the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.

twin studies

behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with that of fraternal twins

adoption studies

the behavior and psychological characteristics of adopted children are compared with those of their adoptive and biological parents

Passive genotype-environment correlation

occur because biological parents provide the rearing environment

Evocative genotype-environment correlation

occur because a child’s genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments

Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations

occur when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating

Epigenetic view

proposes development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment

gene × environment (G × E) interaction

Look at the interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment

Germinal period

is the first 2 weeks after conception

Embryonic period

occurs from 2–8 weeks after conception

Organogenesis

the process of organ formation

Fetal period

lasts about seven months, until birth

Neurons

At birth, babies have approximately 100 billion ______, or nerve cells

Teratogen

any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive or behavioral outcome

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD

are a cluster of abnormalities and problems caused by heavy drinking

Apgar Scale

widely used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth

Low birth weight infants

weigh less than 5 lb 8 oz

Preterm infants

born 3 weeks or more before full term

Small for date infants

Birth weight is below normal for the length of the pregnancy

Kangaroo care

skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent’s bare chest.

Bonding

is the formation of a close connection, especially a physical bond, between parents and their newborn infant

Postpartum period

period after childbirth that lasts for about 6 weeks or until the mother’s body has returned to a nearly pre-pregnant state

Postpartum depression

involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about 4 weeks after delivery