bio IB2 summer course

What is an enzyme

Proteins and few RNA that function as biological catalysts

What is a catalyst

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Can you list 2 details about catalysts

They're effective in small amounts and remain unchanged at the end of the reaction

What is metabolism

The chemical reactions that take place within cells and organisms

What are metabolites

The molecules involved in reactions

What is interdependence

The interaction between molecules, cells, organisms, and ecosystems across levels of organization

What does metabolism consist of

Chains and cycles of enzyme-catalysed reactions

What is anabolism

The formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions

What are 3 examples of anabolism

Formation of proteins from amino acids, polysaccharides from simple sugars, and photosynthesis

What is catabolism

The breakdown of larger molecules into simple molecules

What are 2 examples of catabolism

Hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers and oxidation of substrates in respiration

What is another way to describe metabolism

The combination of anabolism and catabolism

What is substrate

The starting substance in a reaction catalysed by an enzyme

What is a product

What substrate is converted to

How does an enzyme work

By binding to the substrate molecules at the active site

What is the active site

Where an enzyme and molecule bind and catalysis occurs

What is the enzyme-substrate complex

A temporary structure formed when a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme

What is an induced-fit

A model that describes how the enzyme-substrate complex occurs

What is an immobilized enzyme

An enzyme thats attached to an inert, insoluble material

What are some ways to immobilize enzymes

entrapment, adsorption, covalent bonding, cross-linking, and affinity

What are the advantages of using an immobilized enzyme in industrial processes

Permits reuse of the enzyme preparation, product is enzyme free, and the enzyme may be much more stable and long lasting

What is denaturation

When the weak intramolecular interactions within the globular protein break

How is maltose produced

When starch is hydrolyzed by the enzyme amylase

What is pre-incubation

The pre-mixing process of ensuring the enzyme samples and substrate are the same temperature as the water bath

What color does starch give when mixed with iodine solution

Blue-black color

What color does maltose give when mixed with iodine solution

Yellow-brown color depending on concentration of iodine

What is the temperature coefficient

A measure of the rate of reaction change when the temperature is increased by 10 degrees celsius

What are the effects of temperature change in enzyme-catalysed reactions

Rate of denaturation increases as temperature increases, resulting in the amount of active enzymes to be decreased

What are the effects of pH change in enzyme-catalysed reactions

pH changes alter bonding patterns and change the 3 dimensional shape of the molecule, which can make the active site inactive

What is a big difference between pH and temperature changes in enzyme-catalysed reactions

The effects of pH on the active site are normally reversible unlike with temperature changes

What is catalase

The enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

What is activation energy

The amount of energy required by a substrate molecule for chemical change

What does ATP stand for

Adenosine triphosphate

What is ATP

Energy currency

What is cell respiration

The enzyme controlled process by with ATP is created using nutrients

How much ATP does a single glucose molecule WITH enough oxygen produce

38 ATP

How much ATP does a single glucose molecule WITHOUT oxygen produce

2 ATP (aka only produces glycolysis)

What does ATP do

Supplies active transport of molecules, synthesis of macromolecules, movement of the whole cell, and movement of the cell components

Where does krebs cycle occur

In the inner membrane of the mitochondria

What is krebs cycle

Series of chemical reactions in cellular respiration