Depth study #2 1823-1830

What leader replaced Lord Liverpool when he suffered a stroke in 1827?

Canning (pro-Emancipation)

When was Canning replaced by Wellington?

1828

When does Peel become Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer?

1841

What is meant by liberal Tories?

supported reforms in financial policy, trade and the legal system

Why had there been a failure of Catholic emancipation until 1823?

• War ended with France so GB didn’t need to make concessions in return for Catholic troops

• Catholic campaign had run out of steam - yearly petitions through Catholic board

• Plunkett’s bill offered partial emancipation (defeated by the Lords)

When was Plunkett’s Bill nearly passed?

1821

Why didn’t O’Connell like Plunkett’s Bill?

Still very limited government, intervention in episcopal appointments (bishops) and intervention between Ireland and Vatican correspondence

When was the Catholic Association formed?

1823

What was the Catholic Association’s aims?

• more aggressive campaign

• no longer petitioning

• aimed at the politicisation of Catholic masses and classes

• Catholic rent

• removal of Tithes and biases in jury

What was the role of the Church in Emancipation?

Helped organise the laity, now had younger priests who were more willing to help and where under attack from Church of Ireland’s ‘Second Reformation’ so wanted to protect Catholicism

What was the Waterford Election in 1826?

It was where the C.A planned to overthrow entrenched Tory landlord interests in a new election pending in Waterford. Removing existing candidate (powerful Beresford family who were anti-Catholic)

What was the role of the C.A in the Waterford election?

10 days before election, they threw their weight begin pro-eman. candidate. Organised public so there was little drunkness or rioting - patrolled the area

What was the significance of the Waterford election?

Pro-Eman. candidate was elected, created a politicisation of ordinary Catholics, led to a similar victory in Louth afterwards. First time an organised mass that weren’t treasonous.

What was the response to Waterford victory?

• Tried to make C.A illegal for the second time - worried it would create too much tension

• ignored mainly due to Clare election

• very little

What was significant of the 1828 election?

it showed the O’C could plunge Ireland into Chaos, O’C’s victory prompted the creation of the anti-Catholic Brunswick clubs and meant that Peel and Wellington had to concede to avoid Civil war

When was the Catholic Emancipation Bill passed?

1829

What did the Catholic Emancipation Bill do?

Raised the franchise qualification from forty-shilling to a ten-pound freehold, was not made retrospective so O’C still had to take the oath in order to take his seat, allowed O’C to have another procession when refusing to take the Oath

Significance of Catholic Emancipation Bill?

voting numbers dropped to 37,000 from 216,000 (reducing representation), C.A was banned, O’C election was overturned, failure of Gov to win Catholic support

What was the benefits for Irish Catholics to due C.E.B?

• given full civil and political rights

• catholic middle class ascendency already in the making, eroded Prot. Ascendancy

• disenfrachised voters due to increase in qualification were still under landlord control so it wasn’t a major loss

• created a shared Catholic consciousness

What was the negatives for Irish Catholics to due C.E.B?

• Catholics still barred from holding office of Lord Chancellor and being a member of the Cabinet

• Sectarianism increased

• thousands lost voting rights

• brought not real change to everyday lives

how much money was O’Connell given as a gift by the Catholics for his services?

£20,000

When did the repeal debate happen?

1834

What was the arguments in the Repeal Debate?

• wouldn’t endanger the union, refusal could lead to more anger, wasn’t benefitting Ireland that economically

• Ireland, particularly Ulster, was flourishing, 174 reviews around Ireland (England does pay attention), free trade in butter and corn, and they have the same privileges as England

What happened in the Tithe war?

Popular uprising in Leinster and Munster due to anger at Tithes, and Tithes were unsuccessfully collected, led to a breakdown of law and order

Examples of violence in Tithe war?

242 murder, 300 attempted murders and 560 cases of arson throughout Ireland

Catalyst for Tithe war?

Tithes had been a complained about for ages - didn’t want to pay money to a church they didn’t support. Tithes were also unevenly distributed upon the land - the grasslands (typically owned by Protestants) didn’t have to pay Tithes while potato fields did. Was the sectarian relations that were strained due to the 1820s that created more anger.

Methods of disruptance.

If anyone’s animals were seized for non-payments the entire parish should attend the auction but not bid for the animals.

What was the reaction to the Tithe war?

• O’Connell condemned the violence and used it to promote his causes of emancipation

• Dublin Castle were initially responsive and encouraged Tithe owners to accept the money offered to them by acts of Parliament to help defray their arrears.

• Westminster introduced a Coercion Action for one year, which was one of the toughest pieces of law-and-order legislation, giving authorities wide-ranging powers of arrest and imprisonment.

When was the Lichfield House Compact?

1835

What was the Lichfield House Compact?

A deal made between the Whigs, O’connell and the Radicals who agreed to cooperate in the interests of reform.

When was the Education Act?

1832

What was the Education Act?

system of national schools introduced by Lord Edward Stanely. By 1880s, 2/3s of 6-15 year olds could red and write. It began the process of spreading English as the common language and created more politicised tensions because more people could read.

What were Thomas Drummond’s reforms?

1830s: Catholics appointed to high offices in the Irish judiciary and the Castle, new national police force and political powers of the Orange Order curbed - a new spirit of fairness and impartiality in administrations.

What was the Irish Poor Law Act?

Offered some system of relief when non save charity existed. Board of Guardians set up to administer public services for sanitation, public health, vagrancy, orphans but failed to meet demands of the famines. It revealed a lack of interest in peculiarities of Irish poverty - using English methods for Irish problems

When and what was the Tithe Act?

1838, Tithe was to be paid by landlord and the poorest cultivators in the countryside to be made except from any payment. Tithe had not been abolished just invisible.

What and when was the Municipal Corporations Act?

1840: stripped local authorities of powers abolishing most muncipal corporations - treated Ireland different again with the Union, got rid of Catholics who had power at local level.