PSYC100 #3

Freud

dualist (mind and brain are different)

Structural Model of the mind

Conscious (present awareness, thought), preconscious (outside awareness, but accessible, memories, stored knowledge, fears, doubts), Unconscious (selfish motives, aggression, socially unacceptable desires)

Ego

executive mediator, compromiser, preconscious self

Superego

internalized ego “its not right to do that now” unconscious

Id

unconscious psychic energy “I want to do that now!”

Neurosis

imbalance in ego, tendency to experience negative emotion

Pleasure Principle

we are looking for satisfaction as soon as possible

Libido

psychic drive, “s3xual,” personality development, desires

Fixations

stuck-points, conflicts had during development

Individuation

integrating all aspects of your mind to make your personality

Self

facilitator of individuation

Persona

how you present to the world

Shadow

opposite of ego

Animous//Anima

male and female part of your psyche (yin/yang complexes)

Psychoanalytic

psychodynamic (modern version of psycho-analytics), freud method of bringing unconscious/repressed thoughts and memories to conscious

Oral

(0-1)

Libido: mouth, tongue, lips

DevelopmentL weaning off breast feeding/formula

Fixation Example: smoking, overeating

Anal

(1-3)

Libido: Anus

Development: toilet training

Fixation Example: cleanliness, messiness

Phallic

(3-6)

Lidido: Genitals

Development: Oedipus/Electra

Fixation Example: Deviancy, sexual development

Latency

6-12

Lidido: none

Development: developing defense mechanism

Fixation Example: none

Genitals

(12+)

Libido: Gentials

Development: Reaching full sexual maturity

Fixation Example: if all stages are completed successfully, should be sexually mature

Defense Mechanisms

unconscious, psychological mechanism that reduces anxiety and distress beacue something feels unacceptable or harmful

Repression

pushing thoughts in the unconscious (Ex. when asled about Jasmine, Robert says “Who? I have not thought about her in a while”)

Denial

not accepting the truth (ex. robert may act like he is still together with Jasmine, may hang by her locker and plan dates with her)

Displacement

redirecting one’s feelings to another person or object (ex. Robert may take his anger out on another kid by bullying him)

Projection

believing the feelings on has towards someone else are actually held by the other person (Ex. Robert insists Jasmine still wants him)

Reaction Formation

expressing opposite of how one truly feels (ex. robert expresses that he hates Jasmine)

Regression

returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior (ex. Robert starts sleeping with his old blanket)

Rationalization

coming up with a potential benefit to the circumstance (ex. Robert thinks he will find someone better)

Intellectualization

undertaking an academic study of a topic (ex. Robert starts doing a research paper on failed teenage romances)

Sublimation

changing one’s frustrations towards a different goal (Ex. Robert picks up the drums)

Carl Jung

disciple of Freud, belied in the unconscious mind (personal vs. collective)

Personal unconscious

accumulation of person experience in someone’s lifetime that could not be consciously recalled, dominated by complexes (themes) from a person’s life, individual and unique

Collective Unconscious

universal inheritance of human beings, a species memory passed to everyone (all connected), the archetypes

Archetypes

patterns from the collective unconscious, symbolic images we unconsciously understand/identify with, MBTI characters

Erikson

cradle to grave stages

Infancy

birth-18 months

Conflict: trust vs. mistrust

trust or mistrust that basic needs, such as feeding, will be met

Early childhood

1-3 years

Conflict: autonomy vs. shame.doubt

developing independence through taste

Can I do things myself?

Play age

3-6

Conflict: initiative vs. guilt Description: developing sense of purpose and initiative

Am I good or bad?

School age

7-11

Conflict: industry vs. inferiority

Description: developing self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not

Adolescence

12-18

Conflict: identity vs. confusion

Description: experimenting with identity roles

Early Adulthood

19-29

Conflict: intimacy vs isolation

Description: establish intimacy and relationships with others

Middle Age

30-64

Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation

Description: contribute to society and be part of a family

Old Age

65+

Conflict: Integrity and despair

Description: assess and make sense of life na dmeaning of contributions

Behaviorist

believed everything about personality is learned

Humanistic Psychology

Carl Rogers (therapist) emphasizes inherent human goodness

Client-centered Therapy is a style of Humanistic Psychology

Self actualization - everyone want sto achieve fulfillment in life

Unconditioned positive regard - idea that when you are with someone, you accept them for who they are

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

not support by science

self actualization - doing what you want in life

esteem - confidence/achievement

love/belonging - friendship and family

safety - security of water, employment, etc

psychological - basic needs, food, water, shelter, breathing, etc.

SELSP

Termperaments

how a child reacts to world around thme, based on activity, rhythms and adaptability, approximately 65% of children fit patterns

Easy 40% - regular rhythm, happy, accept change

Difficult 10% - irritable, irregular, dislike change

Slow to Warm Up 15% - reluctant, resistant

Internal Locus

internal forces credited for success “I control my destiny”

External Locus

external forces blamed for failure “others control my destiny”

The Big Five (FFM)

Extraversion - extent to which people want ot be alone/energized by others

Neuroticism - extent to which people experience negative emotions, how easily you feel difficult emotions

Agreeableness - extent to which people are pleasant and well-liked

Conscientiousness - manner in which people complete tasks

Open to experience - dimensions of creativity, culture, curiosity, intellectuality

ENACO

The Barnum Effect

cognitive bias where people beleive generic, vague personality descriptions that apply specifically to them (horoscopes, astrology, etc)

Projective Personality Measures

popular approach to measuring thoughts and feelings of unconscious, presenting ambiguous stimuli to some who ‘project’ their own thoughts onto what they see, if themes emerge it might tell us something about what is bounding around in your mind,

Rorschach Test - ink blot

Thematic Apperception Test - therapist pick a picture of ambiguous features, patients have to create a story behind them

MMPI - true/false, compare answers with people with actual disorders

Myers-Briggs - personality type keys, based on Carl Jung archtypes

Free association

practice in which a therapist asks a person in therapy to freely share thoughts, words, and anything else that comes to mind

Disposition vs. Situation

Internal, stable characteristics of a person vs. external, beyond person’s control

Social Psychology

how the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of individuals influence how we think, feel, and do (behavior, beliefs, attitudes)

Normative Social Influence

conform because we are apprehensive the group will disapprove if we act deviant

Informational Social influence

we do not know how to behave so we copy other people

Private Acceptance - occurs when we genuinely believe the other person is right

Public compliance - occurs when we copy others because we fear ridicule or rejections

Asch (1951)

judgements on lines, 1 person actual subject rest fake, all give wrong answer, real subject goes alone, having a partner changes their answer, reducing pressure to perform

Stanford Prison Experiment

Zimbardo, disposition gave way to social norms of situation, under some circumstance, people will engage in behavior that they would never predicted from themselves

Deindividuate - when you engage in behavior uncharacteristic because of a new identity, adopted the behavior of the role you are in

Milgram Obedience Experiment

victim is accomplice, provided many wrong answers, teacher shocks increasing at each error, majority of people would go to highest shock if there was pressure from facilitator

Foot in the Door

ask for something small, when they give it ask for something bigger and bigger

Door in the face

first make a request of the other person that is excessive and to which they will naturally refuse, make a more reasonable request, more likely to accept

Reciprocity Norm

if igive you something to help you, you are obliged to return the favor

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

concerns what happens when we detect the imbalance, negative arousal, subconscious fight or flight reaction, brain’s goal is to resolve the imbalance

Fundamental Attribution Error

overestimating the impact of dispositional influence on behavior, thinking that personality causes behavior, not the circumstance

Attribution - causes the behavior

Self-Serving Bias

we attribute successful outcomes of one’s own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external situational causes

Confirmation Bias

purposefully searching for an answer that confirms our beliefs

In-group Bias

a social group to which one belongs and feels sense of membership, favor those you identify with

Out-group Homogeneity

social group to which one does not belong to, tend to view individuals in that group as similar

Pygmalion Effect Rosenthal & Jakobson

expectations change outcomes, test allegedly predicts blooming, kids who would get smart ere given to teachers, teachers treated them differently, thus performed better. Got smarter when expected to get smarter (climate, input, response opportunity, feedback)

Stereotypes

over generalized idea about a gorup of people (positive or negative

Prejudice -

harmful conclusion about a group

Discrimination

action/behavior taken based on prejudice (how you treat someone relative to how you treat other groups

Adaptive Conservatism

the reason we tend to do be biased is due to evolutionary reasons (us vs. them)

Contact Theory

contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity if they are made ot work towards a superordinate goal

Social Cognition Errors

process of how we store/retain information about other people and ourselves

Hindsight Bias

tendency for people to verestimate their ability to have predicted an outcome that oculd not possible have been predicted, usually happens after the face

Achoring

Biased by the first piece of info we get

Behavioral Economics

Daniel Kahneman, Nobel Prize winner for economics, psych behind how we make decisions with money

Endowment Effect

we tend to overestimate how much our possessions are worth

Context Effect

introducing a decoy item will create a simple comparison with one option and thereby make it seem superior

Attraction Effect

an item can increase the favorable perception on similar, but superior items

Sex

male/female biology

Gender -

characteristics society delineates as masc/fem

Gender Identity

how you identify with gender

Chromosomes

X from the ova, sperm determines sex.

XX fem, XY male

default sex is female, first 6 weeks of fertilized egg is undifferentiated, override genetic program -male

Sex Determining Region of Chromosome (SRY)

sex-determining region on y chromosome

turns ons witch

tastes develop

Turner’s syndrome

ZO, no ovaries

Alfred Kinsey

sex researcher, Kinsey scale of sexuality

Androgen Level

low in XY (male) more likely to be gay

high in XX (fem) more likely to be gay

modest genetic component to sexuality (20-40%)

Balancing Selection Hypothesis

can’t have too may of one sex or the other, less competition in child bearers, biolofically important to have diversity in sexual orientaiton

Abnormal Psychology

What makes something normal/abnormal is dependent on culture, we define what is normal

Hippocrates

Greek philosopher, 4 humors (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm), every illness is a misalignmen tof the humors

Psychopharmacological Revolution

Accidental first mental health meidcation

drugs for mental health problems

Reliability

how consistent something is, helps us communicate so you know what the diagnosis means, American Psychiatric Association creates DSM5 (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders) 

Major Depressive Disorder

9 symptoms, need at least 5 and of those 5 must be one of the first 2

Symptoms of Depression - most occur almost everyday for a majority of a month (more than 2 weeks) 

• Anhedonia (losing pleasure in activities) 

• Sad mood

• Concentration 

• guilt/worthlessness

• Psychomotor agitation (hyper)/retardation (sluggish) 

• weight /appetite loss/gain 

• Energy loss

• suicide/death loss

Rumination

think about something repeatedly, and you can’t

Chemical Imbalance Theory

  there is a lack of certain neurotransmitter leads to depression

SSRi

depression medication, inhibits (slows down) serotonin reabsorption by post synaptic cell, leaving more serotonin to be absorbed, increases serotonin activity, serotonin agonist

When we look at people who have never been medicated

• We do not see a difference in pre-disease serotonin or receptor sensitivity 

• Takes 4-6 weeks to see behavior effect

• Vast reduction for mild-moderate depression due to placebo effect