Skeletal System Physiology

what is a joint/articulation?

a place where adjacent bones or bone & cartilage comes together to form a connection

what joint has adjacent bones united by fibrous connective tissue?

fibrous

what joint has bones joined by hyaline cartilage/fibrocartiage?

cartilaginous

what joint has bones make contact w/in a joint cavity filled w/ lubricating fluid?

synovial joints

what are the functional movements of joints?

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

what is the role of blood vessels in the cavities?

provides nutrients & circulates blood

what is the role of nerves in the bones?

sense pain, regulate blood supplies, bone growth

what are the 2 types of ossification?

intramembranous & endochondral

what is intramembranous ossification?

compact & spongy bone develops from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue to form flat, cranial, & clavicle bones

what is endochondral ossification?

replacing hyaline cartilage at the base of the skull & long ones

what is appositional growth?

bone growth in diameter by osteoclasts reabsorbing old bone that lines the medullary cavity while osteoblasts produce new tissue beneath the periosteum

what is a transverse fracture?

occurs straight across the long axis of the bone

what is an oblique fracture?

occurs at an angle that isn’t 90 degrees

what is a spiral fracture?

bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion

what is a comminuted fracture?

several breaks result in many small pieces between 2 large segments

what is a impacted fracture?

one fragment is driven into the other, usually from compression

what is a greenstick fracture?

a partial fracture in which only 1 side of the bone is broken

what is a open compound fracture?

at least 1 end of the broken bone tears though the skin & carries a high risk of infection

what is a closed fracture?

the skin remains intact despite break

what happens if there is no mechanical stress on the bones?

no stimulation of mineral salt & collagen fiber deposits to increase bone size & weight

what are some of the nutrients that affect bone health?

calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, magnesium, fluoride, & fatty acids

what hormones influence osteoblasts & maintain the matrix?

growth hormone, thyroxine, calcitriol, estrogen & testosterone

what does the growth hormone do?

maintaining osseous tissue, calcium retention, chondrocyte proliferation to stimulate bone growth

what is osseous tissue?

hard, dense connective tissue that form most of the skeleton & support structure

what are sesamoid bones?

small, round bones that form in tendons & protects it by helping them overcome compressive forces

what is the only sesamoid bone?

patellae

what is the medullary cavity?

a hollow region in the diaphysis filled w/ yellow marrow

where do tendons & ligaments attach to the bone?

periosteum

what is articular cartilage?

a thin layer of cartilage that reduces friction & absorbs shock

what are the 3 classes of bone markings?

articulations, projections, & holes

what is an articulation?

where 2 bone surfaces come together w/ one surface rounded & the other cupped to conform to one another

what is a projection?

area of a bone that projects above the surface of the bone which serves as attachment points for tendons & ligaments

what does the size & shape of a bone do?

indicates the forces exerted though the attachment to the bone

what is a hole?

opening/groove that allows blood vessels & nerves to enter the bone

what is the head of a bone?

prominent rounded surface

what is the facet of a bone?

flat surface

what is the condyle of a bone?

rounded surface

what is the protuberance of a bone?

protruding

what is the process of a bone?

prominence feature

what is the spine of a bone?

sharp process

what is the tubercle of a bone?

small, rounded process

what is the tuberosity of a bone?

rough surface

what is the line of a bone?

slight, enlongated ridge

what is the crest of a bone?

ridge

what is the fossa of a bone?

elongated basin

what is the fovea of a bone?

small pit

what is the sulcus of a bone?

groove

what is the canal of a bone?

passage in bone

what is the fissure of a bone?

slit though bone

what is the foramen of a bone?

hole though bone

what is the meatus of a bone?

opening into canal

what is the sinus of a bone?

air-filled space in bone

How many bones are in adults?

206 bones

How many bones are there in babies?

300 bones

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

support, protection, movements, calcium & phosphorus storage, hemopoiesis, detoxification, provision of muscle attachment

What are the 5 types of bones?

long, flat, short, irregular, sesamoid

What are examples of long bones?

femur, humerus

What are examples of flat bones?

skull, rib, sternum

What are examples of short bones?

carpals, tarsals

What are examples of irregular bones?

vertebrae, hip bones

What class of bones is this?

long bones

What class of bones is this?

flat bones

What class of bones is this?

short bones

What class of bones is this?

irregular bones

What is the term for blood cell production?

hematopoiesis

Where does hematopoiesis occur as a child?

red marrow in long bones

Where does hematopoiesis occur in an adult?

red marrow in flat bones

Where do blood cells exit from the bone?

blood vessels

What are bones made of?

calcium phosphate/carbonate \[hydroxyapatite\], collagen, bone tissue marrow

What are the 3 regions of the bone?

proximal & distal epiphysis, diaphysis, epiphyseal line/plate

What are the epiphysis?

top & bottom part of the bone

What is the diaphysis?

shaft/body of a bone

How does the epiphyseal plate become a line?

the plate is the area where the bone grows from & the line is the scar that stops the growth

Is the inner & outer part of the bone spongy or compact?

spongy inner & compact outer

What is a spongy bone also called?

cancellous, trabecular

what does the trabeculae part of the bone do?

provides balanse to the dense/heavy compact bone to make it lighter & easily movable

what does the cancellous part of the bone do?

contains the nutrients that get transported to the osteocytes & wastes removed from them

What does the cancellous part of the bone contain?

volkmann’s canal, endosteum, osteocyte, central haversion canal, rings of osteocytes

What is the role of volkman’s canal?

a channel that transmits blood vessels & connects osteons together

What is the endosteum?

a layer of connective tissue in bone on the inner surface of the bone

What are the parts of the osteon?

growth hole, ring of osteocytes, central canal, lacuna, & canaliculus

What is the lacuna?

tiny cracks & hole locations where osteocytes are created & live

What is the canaliculus?

communication & channels among lacunas for osteocites to move within

What is the central haversian canal?

tubes in cortical holding the blood vessels, nerve fibers, & capillaries

What are the rings of osteocytes called?

lamellae

What is the periosteum?

layer of connective tissue surrounding the bone that supplies the bone with blood to helps repair damage

What are the 2 types of marrow?

yellow & red

Which bone marrow is of adipose & fat as adults?

yellow bone marrow

Which bone marrow forms blood cells as children?

red bone marrow

What is the 1st stage of ossification?

formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model

What is the 2nd stage of ossification?

cavitation of the hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model

What is the 3rd stage of ossification?

invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud & spongy bone formation

What is the 4th stage of ossification?

formation of medullary cavity as ossification continues with appearance of secondary ossificaiton in epiphyses

What is the 5th stage of ossification?

full ossification where hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates & articular cartilages

What is the formation of long bones called?

endochondral

What is the formation of flat bones called?

intramembranoys

What is calcification?

the deposit of calcium, collagen, protein, & ground substances to grow bone

From which direction does the bone grow?

middle outwards to accomodate more bone marrow

What helps break & make the bone while it grows?

osteoblasts & osteoclasts

What is the role of osteoblasts?

forms bone tissue in the outer rings & later becomes osteocytes