Ch. 10 - Respiration and Artificial Ventilation

Ventilation

The process of moving air into and out of the chest.

Inhalation

An active process where muscles contract, chest size increases, and negative pressure pulls air into the lungs.

Exhalation

A passive process where muscles relax, chest size decreases, and air is pushed out.

Tidal Volume

The amount of air moved in one breath.

Dead Space Air

Air moved during ventilation that does not reach the alveoli.

Alveolar Ventilation

Air that actually reaches the alveoli and participates in gas exchange.

Diffusion

Movement of gases from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

External Respiration (Alveolar Respiration)

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and circulating blood.

Internal (Cellular) Respiration

Exchange of gases between the blood and the body's cells.

Hypoxia

Low oxygen levels in the body's cells.

Hypercapnia

High levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Hypocapnia

Low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Respiratory Compensation

The body's predictable response to hypoxia or hypercapnia.

Respiratory Distress

Stage where the body is compensating and still meeting metabolic needs.

Respiratory Failure

Occurs when compensation fails; also called inadequate breathing.

Respiratory Arrest

Complete cessation of breathing.

Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV)

Forcing air or oxygen into the lungs when breathing is absent or inadequate.

Gastric Distention

Air entering the stomach during ventilation, causing abdominal swelling.

Mouth-to-Mask Ventilation

Ventilation using a pocket face mask.

Bag-Valve Mask (BVM)

Handheld device used to ventilate patients in respiratory failure or arrest.

E-C Clamp Technique

Hand position used to maintain a tight mask seal during BVM ventilation.

Two-Rescuer BVM Ventilation

Technique where one rescuer maintains mask seal and the other squeezes the bag.

Artificial Ventilation

Providing breaths to a patient who is not breathing adequately.

Flow-Restricted Oxygen-Powered Ventilation Device

Manually triggered ventilation device used for adults only.

Automatic Transport Ventilator (ATV)

Device that provides automated ventilations with adjustable rate and volume.

Oxygen Therapy

Administration of oxygen at higher concentrations than room air.

Pressure Regulator

Controls oxygen flow from a cylinder.

Oxygen Cylinder

Container storing compressed oxygen in various sizes (D, E, M, G, H).

Nonrebreather Mask (NRB)

Best device for delivering high concentrations of oxygen to a breathing patient.

Nasal Cannula (NC)

Low-flow oxygen delivery device placed in the nostrils.

Partial Rebreather Mask

Simple mask delivering moderate oxygen concentrations without one-way valves.

Venturi Mask

Delivers precise oxygen concentrations by mixing oxygen with room air.

Tracheostomy Mask

Delivers oxygen over a stoma or tracheostomy tube.

Humidifier

Adds moisture to oxygen to prevent drying of airways.

Endotracheal Intubation

Placement of a tube into the trachea to secure the airway.

Blind Insertion Airway Devices

Advanced airways inserted without direct visualization (iGel, King, LMA).