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Long Term Memory (LTM)
Relatively permanent storage in memory where information is kept indefinitely.
Sensory Memory
Holds sensory information for a short time; approximately 1/2 second for visual stimuli and 2-4 seconds for auditory stimuli.
Short-term Memory (STM)
Holds perceptions for analysis, typically lasts up to 30 seconds without rehearsal.
Explicit Memory
Memory that can be consciously recalled, such as facts and events.
Procedural Memory
Type of implicit memory that involves skills and actions performed without conscious thought.
Hippocampus
Brain structure critical for the formation of explicit long-term memories.
Anterograde Amnesia
Condition where an individual cannot form new long-term memories after an event.
Episodic Memory
The ability to recall specific events or episodes from one's own life.
Semantic Memory
Memory for facts and general knowledge.
Long-term Potentiation (LTP)
Long-lasting strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity; believed to be underlying mechanism for learning.
Memory Encoding
The process of transforming information into a format that can be stored in memory.
Memory Retrieval
The process of recalling or using previously stored information.
Flashbulb Memory
A vivid and detailed recollection of an important event, often accompanied by strong emotional responses.
Context Dependent Memory
The improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same.
State Dependent Memory
Enhanced memory when an individual is in the same state of consciousness during both encoding and retrieval.
Priming
Activation of particular associations in memory, often without conscious awareness.
Zeigarnik Effect
The tendency to remember interrupted or incomplete tasks better than those completed.
Recency Effect
The tendency to recall the last items in a list better than those in the middle.
Primacy Effect
The tendency to remember the first items in a list better than those that follow.
Mood Congruent Memory
The tendency to recall memories that are consistent with one's current mood.
Cerebellum
Brain region important for the formation of implicit (procedural) memories.
Amygdala
Brain structure involved in emotional processing, crucial for the formation of emotional memories.
Cues
Stimuli that aid in the retrieval of information from memory.
Declarative Memory
Memory that can be consciously recalled, also known as explicit memory.
Implicit Memory
Memory that is not consciously recalled and affects thoughts and behaviours.
Chaining Method
A mnemonic technique that associates items in a list with one another in a narrative.
Method of Loci
A mnemonic device that involves visualizing items to remember in specific locations.
Neuroplasticity
The brain's ability to change its structure and function in response to experience.
Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve
A graph that shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it.
Mood-Dependent Memory
The phenomenon wherein the ability to recall information is influenced by one’s mood during encoding and recall.
Retrieval Failure
The failure to locate or bring to consciousness information that is in memory.
Mnemonic Devices
Techniques used to enhance memory through associations.
Spacing Effect
The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study.
Overlearning
Practicing skills or information beyond just the point of mastery, which aids retention.
Fading Effect Bias
The tendency to forget details of negative events while remembering positive aspects more vividly.
False Memory
A recollection of an event that did not occur, influenced by suggestion or misinformation.
Reconstructive Memory
The process of recalling memories that involves combining stored information with new information.
Memory Consolidation
The process of stabilizing a memory trace after its initial acquisition.
Interval of Elapsed Time
The amount of time that has passed between learning and recall, affecting memory strength.
Active Reconstruction
The process of piecing together fragmented memories during recall.
Conjugate Reinforcement
A type of reinforcement depending on the exposure to the memory of a stimulus.
Relearning Curve
A graphical representation that shows how quickly information can be learned or relearned after forgetting.
Interference Theory
The concept that other memories can disrupt or interfere with the retrieval of the target memory.
Dual Coding Theory
The theory that suggests memory is enhanced by using visual and verbal information together.
Semantic Network Theory
The idea that information is stored in the brain in interconnected networks of related concepts.
Information Overload
A condition in which the amount of received information exceeds the processing capacity.
Cognitive Load Theory
A theory that posits working memory has limits, and too much information can hinder learning.
Temporal Context Model
A theory explaining that memories are organized based on the temporal context of the experiences.
Active Learning
An approach that encourages engagement and interactivity during the learning process.
Distributed Practice
Spreading out study sessions to improve retention compared to cramming.
Chunking
The process of grouping information into larger, manageable units to aid memorization.
Self-Reference Effect
The tendency to remember information better when it relates to the self.
Cognitive Interviewing
A technique for enhancing memory retrieval by improving the context and emotional state during recall.
Emotional Memory
Memories that have a strong emotional component, often vividly remembered.
Memory Decay
The gradual loss of memory over time due to disuse.
Social Learning Theory
The theory that observing and imitating others can lead to learning and memory formation.
Neural Pathways
Connections between neurons that are strengthened with use, facilitating memory.
Attention Span
The length of time an individual can focus on a specific task without becoming distracted.
Cognitive Dissonance
The mental discomfort experienced when holding two or more conflicting beliefs.
Strategic Memory Processes
Deliberate approaches used to enhance memory, such as using mnemonics or rehearsal.
Long-term Memory Formation
The biological and cognitive processes that work together to create lasting memories.
Visual Encoding
The process of transforming information into mental images to enhance memory.
Auditory Encoding
The process of encoding sounds, particularly the sounds of words.
Declarative Memory Types
Includes episodic and semantic memory, which are consciously retrievable.
Implicit Memory Types
Includes procedural memory and conditioned associations.
Primacy-Recency Effect
The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle.
Sleep and Memory Processing
Sleep is critical for memory consolidation and overall storage of information.
Episodic vs Semantic Memory
Episodic memory pertains to personal experiences while semantic memory refers to general knowledge.
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that facilitate communication between neurons, playing a key role in memory.
Memory Consolidation Process
The stabilization of a memory after it is formed, often occurring during sleep.
Retrieval Cues
Stimuli that are associated with the stored information and help in retrieving it.
Memory and Aging
As individuals age, memory retrieval can become more challenging due to a variety of factors.
Reconstructive Memory Theory
Suggests memories are not perfect recordings, but are reconstructed based on cues.
Cognitive Flexibility
The mental ability to shift thinking and adapt to new situations or ideas.
Long-Term Memory Capacity
Our long-term memory is virtually unlimited in terms of capacity to store information.
Memory as an Active Process
Memory retrieval involves reconstructing past experiences, rather than simply retrieving them.
The Testing Effect
The phenomenon where taking tests improves long-term retention of information.
