Homeostasis and Energy Regulation in Animals

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132 Terms

1
Homeostasis
Maintenance of stable internal environment in organisms.
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2
Allostasis
Process of achieving stability through change.
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3
Drive States
Psychological processes that sustain (nurture/support) certain behaviors.
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4
Endothermy
Heat generated internally through metabolism.
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5
Ectothermy
Heat derived primarily from the environment.
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6
Thermoregulation
Regulation of body temperature for optimal function.
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7
Set Point
Desired value for a physiological variable.
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8
Negative Feedback
Process that counteracts deviation from set point.
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9
Set Zone
Range of tolerance around a set point.
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10
Redundancy in Systems
Multiple mechanisms ensure stability in homeostasis.
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11
Pros of Endothermy
Constant body temperature, active in various environments.
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12
Cons of Endothermy
Higher energy expenditure for heat production.
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13
Pros of Ectothermy
Lower energy requirements, efficient in warm climates.
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14
Cons of Ectothermy
Dependent on environmental temperatures for activity.
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15
Compensatory Action
Response initiated when set point is deviated.
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16
Behavioral Adaptations
Specialized actions to maintain internal stability.
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17
Physiological Systems
Biological processes regulating homeostasis.
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18
Internal Environment Changes
Alterations affecting physiological and psychological states.
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19
Optimal Temperature Range
Ideal conditions for cellular function and reactions.
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20
Negative Feedback
Process to maintain stable internal conditions.
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21
Thermoregulatory System
Mechanism to regulate body temperature.
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22
Receptors
Sensory cells detecting environmental changes.
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23
Preoptic Area (POA)
Hypothalamic region controlling cold responses.
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24
Lateral Hypothalamus
Region managing behavioral temperature regulation.
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25
Physiological Responses
Automatic body adjustments to temperature changes.
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26
Behavioral Responses
Conscious actions to regulate body temperature.
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27
Body Surface Changes
Adjustments like huddling to manage heat.
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28
External Environment Changes
Using clothing or nests for temperature control.
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29
Movement into Sun or Shade
Behavioral adjustment for thermal comfort.
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30
Endotherms
Warm-blooded animals regulating internal temperature.
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31
Compartmentalization of Fluids
Separation of body fluids into distinct areas.
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32
Diffusion
Movement of particles from high to low concentration.
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33
Osmosis
Water movement across a semipermeable membrane.
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34
Semipermeable Membrane
Barrier allowing selective passage of substances.
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35
Osmotic Thirst
Thirst from cellular dehydration due to solute loss.
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36
Hypovolemic Thirst
Thirst from loss of blood volume.
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37
Fluid Loss Sensors
Mechanisms detecting dehydration and fluid imbalance.
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38
Salt Homeostasis
Balance of salt levels crucial for hydration.
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39
Physiological Responses to Thirst
Body's mechanisms to restore fluid balance.
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40
Brain's Drinking Regulation
Central control of thirst and hydration behavior.
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41
Thermal Regulation Importance
Essential for survival in varying environments.
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42
Behavioral Thermoregulation
Active adjustments to maintain optimal body temperature.
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43
Fluid regulation
Prevention of dehydration in land animals.
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44
Intracellular compartment
Fluid contained within body cells.
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45
Extracellular compartment
Fluid outside cells, includes interstitial fluid and plasma.
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46
Interstitial fluid
Fluid between cells in the extracellular compartment.
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47
Blood plasma
Liquid component of blood, part of extracellular fluid.
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48
Water movement
Constant exchange between intracellular and extracellular compartments.
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49
Osmosis
Passive solvent movement through a semipermeable membrane.
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50
Osmotic pressure
Force driving water across a membrane due to solute concentration.
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51
Physiological saline
0.9% NaCl solution for maintaining cell conditions.
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52
Hypertonic solution
Extracellular fluid more concentrated than 0.9% NaCl.
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53
Hypotonic solution
Extracellular fluid less concentrated than 0.9% NaCl.
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54
Osmotic thirst
Thirst triggered by high extracellular fluid salinity.
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55
High solute concentration
Stimulates osmotic thirst for water intake.
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56
Low extracellular volume
Signals need for water due to fluid loss.
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57
Obligatory water loss
Water loss through respiration and urination.
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58
Circumventricular organs
Brain structures monitoring fluid balance.
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59
Hypothalamus
Brain region detecting extracellular fluid concentration.
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60
Cortical regions
Areas involved in conscious perception of thirst.
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61
Salt importance
Essential for various physiological functions.
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62
Solute concentration increase
Causes water to move out of cells.
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63
Fluid balance monitoring
Regulation of body fluids by specialized brain structures.
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64
Cellular conditions
Maintained by extracellular fluid buffering.
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65
Thirst remedy
Actions taken to restore hydration.
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66
Dehydration prevention
Mechanisms to avoid excessive water loss.
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67
Semipermeable membrane
Barrier allowing selective movement of substances.
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68
Concentration equalization
Process where solute levels become uniform.
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69
Hypovolemic Thirst
Triggered by loss of fluid volume.
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70
Extracellular Space
Fluid outside cells; retains salt for balance.
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71
Pressure Sensors
Detect drop in blood vessel pressure.
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72
Sympathetic Nervous System
Causes arterial constriction during low volume.
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73
Thirst Response
Brain activation for fluid intake; not solely drinking.
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74
Vasopressin
Peptide hormone increasing water absorption in kidneys.
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75
Aldosterone
Steroid hormone conserving sodium; increases salt appetite.
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76
Basal Metabolism
Energy expenditure at rest; crucial for dieting.
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77
Circulating Glucose
Essential for energy; regulates bodily functions.
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78
Insulin Secretion
Controls glucose utilization by body cells.
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79
Fluid Volume Loss
Stimulates thirst without changing fluid concentration.
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80
Kidneys Role
Regulate urine production and fluid balance.
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81
Hormonal Activation
Initiates responses to maintain blood pressure.
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82
Energy Storage Mechanisms
Processes for storing energy for future needs.
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83
Energy Balance
Regulation of energy intake and expenditure.
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84
Nutrients
Chemicals required for body function and growth.
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85
Digestion
Process of breaking down food for absorption.
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86
Homeostasis
Maintenance of stable internal body conditions.
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87
Glucose
Principal sugar used for energy in the body.
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88
Glycogen
Stored glucose in liver and muscles.
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89
Insulin
Hormone regulating glucose storage and absorption.
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90
Glucagon
Hormone converting glycogen back to glucose.
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91
Adipose Tissue
Fat storage tissue in the body.
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92
Metabolism
Chemical processes for energy production and use.
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93
Caloric Intake
Total calories consumed from food and beverages.
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94
Diabetes Mellitus
Condition from insulin failure to absorb glucose.
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95
Type 1 Diabetes
Juvenile-onset diabetes; no insulin production.
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96
Type 2 Diabetes
Adult-onset diabetes; reduced insulin sensitivity.
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97
Insulin Release
Triggered by food intake and various mechanisms.
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98
Cephalic Phase
Insulin release triggered by food sensory cues.
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99
Gastric Phase
Insulin release when food enters the digestive tract.
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100
Intestinal Phase
Insulin release signaled by liver glucodetectors.
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