mod 12- Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment

Geocentric Theory

Ptolemy

says Earth is center and the sun and planets orbit

On the Revelations of the Heavenly Sphere

book by Nicholas Copernicus

questions Geocentric theory and put forth Heliocentric theory

Heliocentric Theory

discovered by Nicholas Copernicus

sun in the center and all planets orbit

Elliptical Orbit

discovered by Johannes Kepler

plants have an elliptical orbit, not circular

closer to the sun = spinning faster

Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems

book by Galileo

compares Geo vs Heliocentric ideals

proves Heliocentric theory

Principia Mathematica

book by Isaac Newton

says the universe follows mathematical laws, not God’s

discovers law of motion and gravity

Novum Organum

book by Francis Bacon

says to question everything we know as mankind

Empiricism

book by Francis Bacon

talks about observation and experimentation

basically, modern day scientific method

Discourse on Method

book by Rene Descartes

talks about separation of Church and State, math is key to measure new science

Leviathan

book by Thomas Hobbes

says humans are animals and the state of nature is war

Hobbes believed humans are bad, self-centered, and violent by nature, thus needing an authoritarian govt.

Two Treaties of Government

book by John Locke

compares different types of governments, establishes natural rights, govt. should only be responsible for protecting from above

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

book by John Locke

says people are naturally good, all equal at birth, environment and experience shape a human

Spirit of Laws

book by Charles Montesquieu

calls for checks and balances in the government (3 branches)

also says not 1 form of government works best, it depends on size, tradition, religion, and economy

John Toland

believer of Deism

wrote Christianity Not Mysterious, saying Christianity is natural and rational, saying anything that is mysterious or illogical should be removed from the Bible

Deism

belief that after creation, the universe develops naturally

Denis Diderot

edited 1st encyclopedia

Treatise on Toleration

book by Voltaire

calls for freedom of speech and religion and promoted separation of church and state

Discourse on the Origin of Inequality

book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau

says our problems result from unequal distribution of wealth also that people are naturally good and honest

Social Contract

book by Jean- Jacques Rousseau

says society is more important than the individual

Wealth of the Nations

book by Adam Smith

argues for free trade over mercantilism (basically capitalism)

Laissez-Faire

not coined by discovered by Adam Smith

says government should have minimal control and that there’s a natural supply and demand