Elliots Anatomy and Function Cards (made by his wonderful girlfriend who loves him so much!)

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Bones of the Elbow

Humerus, Radius, Ulna

Humeroulnar Joint

The joint formed by the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna

Humeroradial Joint

The joint formed by the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus

Ulnar Ligament Complex (Medial)

Includes the anterior bundle (stabilizes against valgus stress), posterior bundle (stabilizes when the elbow is flexed), and transverse bundle (connects anterior and posterior bands).

Anterior Bundle

Part of the ulnar ligament complex that stabilizes the elbow against valgus stress or an outward force.

Posterior Bundle

Part of the ulnar ligament complex that stabilizes the elbow when it is flexed.

Transverse Bundle

Part of the ulnar ligament complex that connects the anterior and posterior bands.

Lateral Ligaments of the Elbow

Includes the radial collateral ligament, lateral ulnar collateral ligament, and annular ligament.

Radial Collateral Ligament

Provides lateral stability to the elbow.

Lateral Ulnar Collateral Ligament

Stabilizes against varus stress or an inward force and provides resistance to external rotational stress.

Annular Ligament (Elbow)

holds radius in place

Ulna (Size Comparison)

is much larger proximally compared

Radius (Size Comparison)

is much larger distally compared

Tommy John Injury

An injury involving repetitive medial stress on the Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL), common in activities like high-velocity throwing.

Radial Tuberosity (Radius)

The roughened area just below the head of the radius.

Coronoid Process (Ulna)

The triangular eminence projecting forward from the upper and front part of the ulna.

Trochlea (Humerus)

The grooved part of the humerus that articulates with the ulna.

Capitulum (Humerus)

The rounded knob on the humerus that articulates with the radius.

Flexor Muscles of the Elbow

Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis.

Extensor Muscle of the Elbow

Triceps Brachii.

Biceps Brachii (Origin)

Supraglenoid tubercle (long head) and coracoid process (short head) of the scapula.

Biceps Brachii (Insertion)

Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis.

Brachialis (Origin)

Anterior surface of the humerus.

Brachialis (Insertion)

Ulnar tuberosity.

Brachioradialis (Origin)

Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus.

Brachioradialis (Insertion)

Styloid process of the radius.

Triceps Brachii (Origin)

Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula (long head), posterior surface of the humerus (lateral and medial heads).

Triceps Brachii (Insertion)

Olecranon of the ulna.

Anatomy (bones) of the Wrist/Hand

Distal radius, distal ulna, carpal bones (e.g., scaphoid, lunate).

Anatomy (joints) of the Wrist/Hand

Radiocarpal, midcarpal, carpometacarpal.

Bones of the Hand

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium

Joints of the Hand

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), distal interphalangeal (DIP).

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A condition involving compression of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel, causing pain and numbness in the hand.

Structures Involved in the Carpal Tunnel

Transverse ligament, median nerve, flexor tendons of the hand, carpal bones.

Styloid Process (Radius and Ulna)

The pointed projections at the distal ends of the radius and ulna.

Scaphoid (Carpal Bone)

The boat-shaped bone in the wrist.

Lunate (Carpal Bone)

The crescent-shaped bone in the wrist.

Triquetrum (Carpal Bone)

The pyramidal bone in the wrist.

Pisiform (Carpal Bone)

The small, pea-shaped bone in the wrist.

Trapezium (Carpal Bone)

The bone at the base of the thumb.

Trapezoid (Carpal Bone)

The small bone next to the trapezium.

Capitate (Carpal Bone)

The largest carpal bone, located in the center of the wrist.

Hamate (Carpal Bone)

The carpal bone with a hook-like projection.

Pronator Muscles of the Wrist

Pronator Teres

Flexor Muscles of the Wrist

Flexor Carpi Radialis, Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Flexor Pollicis Longus.

Extensor Muscles of the Wrist

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus, Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Pollicis Longus.

Thumb Abductor Muscle

Abductor Pollicis.

Supinator (Origin and Insertion)

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and supinator crest of the ulna. Insertion: Lateral surface of the radius.

Pronator Teres (Origin and Insertion)

Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus and coronoid process of the ulna. Insertion: Lateral surface of the radius.

Flexor Carpi Radialis (Origin and Insertion)

Medial epicondyle of the humerus. Insertion: Base of the second and third metacarpals.

Palmaris Longus (Origin and Insertion)

Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus. Insertion: Flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis.

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (Origin and Insertion)

Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus and olecranon of the ulna. Insertion: Pisiform, hook of hamate, and base of the fifth metacarpal.

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (Origin and Insertion)

Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus. Insertion: Base of the second metacarpal.

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (Origin and Insertion)

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Insertion: Base of the third metacarpal.

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (Origin and Insertion)

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and posterior border of the ulna. Insertion: Base of the fifth metacarpal.

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (Origin and Insertion)

Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus, coronoid process of the ulna, and shaft of the radius. Insertion: Middle phalanges of the four fingers.

Flexor Digitorum Profundus (Origin and Insertion)

Origin: Anterior surface of the ulna and interosseous membrane. Insertion: Distal phalanges of the four fingers.

Flexor Pollicis Longus (Origin and Insertion)

Origin: Anterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane. Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.

Extensor Digitorum (Origin and Insertion)

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Insertion: Extensor expansions of the four fingers.

Extensor Pollicis Longus (Origin and Insertion)

Origin: Posterior surface of the ulna and interosseous membrane. Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.

Brachialis (Action)

Flexion of the elbow. Located deep to the biceps brachii.

Brachioradialis (Action)

Flexes the elbow when the forearm is in a neutral (thumb up) position. Commonly used during hammer curls.

Biceps Brachii (Action)

Flexion of the elbow and assists with supination. It is superficial to the brachialis and proximal to the brachioradialis.

Triceps Brachii (Action)

Extension of the elbow. It consists of three heads: long head, lateral head, and medial head.

Pronator Teres (Action)

Pronates the forearm, turning the palm downward.

Supinator (Action)

Supinates the forearm, turning the palm upward.

Flexor Carpi Radialis (Action)

Flexes and abducts the wrist.

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (Action)

Extends and abducts the wrist.

Palmaris Longus (Action)

Flexes the wrist.

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (Action)

Flexes and adducts the wrist.

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (Action)

Extends and adducts the wrist.

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (Action)

Flexes the wrist and the middle phalanges of the fingers.

Flexor Digitorum Profundus (Action)

Flexes the wrist and distal phalanges of the fingers.

Extensor Digitorum (Action)

Extends the wrist and the fingers.

Flexor Pollicis Longus (Action)

Flexes the thumb.

Extensor Pollicis Longus (Action)

Extends the thumb.

Abductor Pollicis Longus (Action)

Abducts and extends the thumb.

24 Articulating Vertebrae

Composed of 7 cervical (neck), 12 thoracic (chest), and 5 lumbar (lower back) vertebrae.

9 Fused Vertebrae

Includes 5 sacral vertebrae and 4 coccyx (tailbone) vertebrae.

Lordosis

An increased posterior concavity of the lumbar and cervical spine curves.

Kyphosis

An increased anterior concavity of the normal thoracic curve.

Scoliosis

Lateral curvatures of the spine.

Spinal Stability

The ability of the vertebrae to bear the weight of the segments above them.

Basic Structure of Vertebrae (C3-L5)

Includes the body, vertebral foramen (where the spinal cord passes through), transverse process (lateral), and spinous process (posterior).

Vertebral Foramen

The opening in vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes.

Processes of Vertebrae

Key attachment points for spinal column muscles.

Cervical Vertebrae (Characteristics)

Small body, large vertebral foramen, and bifid spinous process.

Thoracic Vertebrae (Characteristics)

Medium-sized body, smaller vertebral foramen, spinous process points downward, and costal facets for rib articulation.

Lumbar Vertebrae (Characteristics)

Large, thick body for weight-bearing, smaller triangular vertebral foramen, short and thick spinous process.

12 Pairs of Ribs

7 pairs of true ribs (attach directly to the sternum), 3 pairs of false ribs (attach indirectly via shared cartilage), and 2 pairs of floating ribs (do not attach to the sternum

Sternum Parts

Manubrium (superior), body (middle), xiphoid process (inferior).

Rib Attachment to Thoracic Vertebrae

The tubercle of each rib articulates with the transverse articular facet, and the head of the rib articulates with the superior and inferior costal facets.

Atlanto-occipital Joint

Synovial ellipsoid joint allowing flexion/extension and lateral flexion of the head

Atlanto-axial Joint

Synovial pivot joint allowing rotational movement of the head.

Intervertebral Discs

Fibrocartilage pads that act as a symphysis joint between vertebrae.

Facet Joints

Synovial gliding joints that allow the ribs to attach to the thoracic vertebrae.

Nucleus Pulposus

Gel-like center of intervertebral discs for shock absorption.

Annulus Fibrosus

Fibrous outer layer of intervertebral discs that provides stability and load distribution

Neck Muscles (Key Examples)

Longus capitis, sternocleidomastoid, splenius (cervicis, capitis).

Erector Spinae Muscles

A muscle group consisting of iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis.