study methods - p1

BANDURA

approx. 4y/o children, split into 3 groups with a control group no (model). Used matched pairs. 1. Shown a real-life model, 2. Cartoon model, 3. media (tv) model. Shown same and opposite gender models. Part one children observed the model. Part 2 children were aggravated by being moved to a room and being told that the toys were for the best children, then being sent out. Part 3 the children were put in a room with aggressive and non-aggressive toys and behaviour was observed for 20 mins.

RONAY AND VON HIPPEL

 96 Australian male skateboarders. (mean age 21). Were recruited at skate parks. 53 female researchers (IV). Asked to do an easy trick and a difficult one – 10 times solo and then 10 times in front of a researcher. Female is 18 and rated attractive before. Attempts scored for success, crash and abandoned (DV). Heart rate and testosterone measured. FIELD EXPERIMENT, INDEPENDENT SAMPLES

LEVINE

self-identified Manchester United fans - DV volunteered as participants and were told the study was moving to another room. Whilst on their way a confederate fell and hurt their ankle. The participants were measured on whether they helped. The confederate was wearing either a Manchester united, plain or the rival team, Liverpool FC shirt – IV. QUASI EXPERIMENT

MARTIN AND HALVERSON

approx. 50 children 5-6y/children given a pretest for level of stereotyping. Children presented with 16 gender-consistent or gender-inconsistent images – IV. A week later they were presented with the 16 seen and 8 unseen images and were asked questions on the photos and a confidence rating of 1-4 – DV.              LAB EXPERIMENT

CASPI

847 New Zealander’s (cohort followed from birth). Then asked for DNA samples – grouped based on genotype. 17% ss, 51% ll, 31%sl. Completed a life history calendar, researchers looked for 14 stressors. Also partook in a diagnostic interview for depression based of the DSM and also had a close friend report.

ENGLICH AND MUSSWEILER

19 young trial judges. Given a case of alleged rape. There were 2 conditions. Condition 1 had a recommended sentence of 2 months and condition 2 had a recommended sentencing of 34 months. The case material was advised by highly experienced judges and tested on senior law students to determine anchors. Participants were given case details and asked to read and form an opinion. They were given a questionnaire and asked some questions + a recommended sentencing.

SHAW AND PORTER

70 Canadian college students with 2 conditions “criminal condition” or non-criminal” condition which was the independent variable that related to the false memory to be implanted. Interviewed 3 times over 3 weeks. Each interview the participants were asked to describe 2 events, a true event (details were provided by a family member) and the fictional account of committing a crime between the ages of 10 to 14 (participants were led to believe this was also given by a family member. Crimes were either theft, assault or assault with a weapon. Researchers encouraged participants to practice visualisation techniques at night and provided subtle social(peer) pressure.

LUECK AND WILSON

approx. 2000 Asian Americans

-          Approx. 1200 first generation immigrants (18+ when immigrated to the US)

-          Approx. 800 US born with first generation immigrant parents

-          Included diverse Asian cultures - IV

SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS - DV (similar cultural background interviewer) used Internet/face to face interviews. Measured participants level of acculturative stress + impacts of language proficiency and preference, discrimination, social network, family cohesion, and socioeconomic status. Random participants

BERRY

3 distinct cultures used, approximately 120 participants per culture. Temene, Inuit’s, Scots (Scotland, control group). Each had 2 sub-groups, the traditional (no western education, traditional way of life) and transitional (western education or employment). Six trials asked to match the line below that most closely matched the top. Trials 1 – 2 had no further info (test for understanding directions). Trial 3 had heard instructions for the correct answer and were told other people in their group had picked that answer, a lie. Trials 4 – 6 were given the same instruction, however the incorrect answer was told (5 lines away from the correct response. Number of lines that were away from the correct line – DV. Score could range from 0 – 15.

MAGUIRE

16 right-handed male taxi drivers in New York (with experience) and compared MRI scans of 50 healthy right-handed non taxi driver males, taken from an MRI database. Included a range of ages. Measured with two different techniques, VBM to measure density and grey matter and pixel counting to calculate the area of the hippocampus

KEARINS

88 indigenous and white Australians (1/2 ½) ages 12 – 16. Indigenous Australians (group 1) were from semi-traditional tribal conditions, English second language. White Australians (group 2) from a high school in the outer suburbs of Perth. MATCHED SAMPLE. Standard testing foreign to group 1. 20 objects in 20 squares and told to study board for 30 secs. Board was cleared and they were told to place the items in original locations. 4 variations of task. 1. artificial different, manmade objects familiar to group 2. 2. Natural different, naturally occurring objects familiar to group 1. 3. 12 small bottles arranged on a 4x3 matrix. 4. Natural same, 12 small rocks.

SHAROT

participants who were in NYC on 9/11 but at varying proximities (IV) were recruited (purposive sample) and went into an fRMI scanner. Saw word cues and either summer or September and then asked to recall details about their summer then from 9/11. After they were asked to rate the vividness, detail, confidence (DV) + the accuracy of their memories and to write a written description.

LAMM

4 y/o German and Cameroonian children. The children received a marshmallow, and told if they waited 10 minutes, they would receive another one. In a second part, researchers also gathered information of parents’ values and parenting styles.

PARK AND ROTHBART

90 female students. Given questionnaires – DV ranking their sorority and two other sororities. Had a 7-point scale and 10 q’s measuring likeability and similarity. Then asked to rank their sorority against the other 2 for these qualities.

MILNER

hit by a cyclist at 7 years old and had a serious head injury with epileptic seizures from the age of 10. At the age of 27, he couldn’t live a normal life, and the family approved an experimental surgery, removing tissue from the medial temporal lobe (incl the hippocampus on both sides of the brain)

Used many different researching strategies. Psychometric testing (IQ) (above average), direct observation of behaviour, interviews w family and himself, cognitive testing and MRI scans

WEISSMAN

161 grandchildren with parents and grandparents. Took place over 20 years, looking for risk level of depression. Original sample (grandparents) were selected from an outpatient clinic; the non-depressed participants were selected from the same local community. The original sample of the grandparents children were interviewed 4 times during the period (now have children). The data was collected from physicians (BLIND) (TRIANGULATION). Were evaluated by a psychiatrist and a psychologist.

LANDRY AND BARTLING

34 psych students, used independent samples. 10 lists of 7 phonologically dissimilar letters, with one letter series recall at one time w a practice list. Split into 2 groups. Grp 1 had to recall while saying the numbers 1, 2 (articulatory suppression task). Grp 2 had no other task. Each trial was scored for accuracy of recall if correct and in the correct position.

ZHOU

4 groups of healthy, non-smokers. In groups based on sexuality. hetero or homosexual males, or hetero or homosexual women. Were presented with a point-light walker task (PLW), essentially showing a walking stick figure that was set at “gender neutral” and were asked to identify the sex. Performed the task for 3 consecutive days, at approx. the same time while being exposed to either AND, EST or a control, all a solution with cloves (as a control, order effects).

PITMAN

41 ED patients who had just experienced a traumatic event. Participants were given a dose of propranolol or a placebo no longer than 6 hours after the event. After, the participants were medically cleared to leave the ED and instructed to continue the medication 4 times daily for 10 days, followed by 9 days without. One month and 3 months lather participants returned to test their level of PTSD, clinician administered

CHARLTON

remote island with no TV. 160 3-8y/o - DV. cameras were set up in 2 primary school playgrounds, and television with the same level of violence as the UK was introduced into the island. Children were observed before and after the introduction of television for increased level of aggression – IV. Used a pre-test and post-test design. Also interviewed teachers. NATURAL FIELD EXPERIMENT

KULKOFSKY

5 cultures (China (collectivist), Germany, turkey, US (individualist), UK. Sample of 224 middle class adults. Following a pretest on salient memories within their specific culture, participants were asked about memory (to assess for FBM formation, importance and emotional effect (shock value)). Researchers used a questionnaire and the results were compared cross culturally.

NOVOTNY AND POLONSKY

correlational study, collected surveys. All 716 participants were undergrads. Used stratified sampling in specialisation at the uni. The survey was divided into four sections: knowledge about Islam; subjective views of Muslims and Islam; geographic knowledge of the Islamic world; personal characteristics of the participant.

BECKER

approx. 60 participants 16-18 y/o. 2 groups, the 1995 group was studied before, and the 1998 group was studied after the introduction of TV. Used a standardised test EAT-26 (western style) to determine eating attitudes. After survey, used semi structured interviews to confirm results. 1998 group given additional questions about body image, diet and generational value differences.

NATURAL EXPERIMENT          ETIC APPROACH         INDEPENDENT SAMPLES

Hamilton and Gifford

participants listened to a series of statements made about people from two groups (a and b). there were twice as many people in group a (so group b was the minority group). The statement about 1 individual was either positive or negative each group had the same proportion of negative comments. And participants were asked how many people in each group had positive vs negative traits.

Steele and Aronson

approx. 115 male, female, black, and white Stanford undergrads. They were given a standardised test for verbal ability. Told one of 2 things, it is a test to diagnose your intellectual ability, or it is a test of problem solving. Random assigned groups w equal numbers.                                                                        QUASI LAB EXPERIMENT

Wang et al.

119 Cuban American Uni students mostly female. All born outside the US and took an introductory psychology course. Then took a Likert-scale survey, and were asked about depression, self-esteem, Cuban culture, and relationship with US culture and ethnic identification.

Fisher

17 volunteers by snowball sampling who reported being in love with an average length of 7 months. Completed interviews and a passionate love survey. In the fMRI machine, they viewed photos of their beloved and an acquaintance separated by a distractor task.