A/P Exam 1

Regional

The study of the human body by specific physical areas or divisions- Head, neck, thorax (chest), abdomen, pelvis, upper limbs (arms, hands), lower limbs (legs and feet)

Systemic

The study of the body by systems- Cardiovascular/Circulatory, nervous, skeletal, respiratory, digestive, and muscular systems

What are the 11 systems of the human body

Circulatory(cardiovascular), Digestive, Endocrine, Integumentary, Lymphatic, Muscular, Nervous, Reproductive, Respiratory, Skeletal, Urinary

Pigmened part of chemicals making up basic dyes, What are the charge and chemical characteristics?

Positively charged cationic chromophore.

Charge: iconic bonding (binds to negative charge cellular components like nucleic acids-DNA/RNA- and acidic proteins. Positive charge- the coloring agent carries a net positive charge (cation)

Chemical: Chromophore, salt composition, hydrophobic core

Difference between acidic dyes and basic dyes

Acidic dyes carry a negative charge, while basic dyes carry a positive charge

Acidic dyes

Negative (anionic)

Example: Nigrosin (or congo red, eosin)

Basic dyes

Positive (cationic)

Example.: Methylene blue (or crystal violet, safranin)

Superior

(Cranial); Higher, above, toward the head end or upper part of a structure,

Ex. the head is superior to the abdomen

Inferior

(Caudal): Lower, below, away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure

Ex. the foot is inferior to the knee

Anterior

(Ventral): Toward the front of the body

Ex. the kneecap is on the anterior side of the leg

Posterior

(Dorsal): Toward or at the back of the body

Ex. the shoulder blades are on the posterior side of the body

Dorsal

Dorsum, back

Ventral

Venter, belly

Medial

Medialis, Middle, toward or at the midline of the body

Ex. the big toe is on the medial side of the foot

Lateral

Latus, Side, away from the midline of the body

Ex. the pinky toe is on the lateral side of the foot

Proximal

Nearest, closer to a point of attachment or trunk of the body

Ex. the shoulder is proximal to the elbow

Distal

Distant, farther from the point of attachment or trunk of body

Ex. the wrist bones are distal to the elbow

Superficial

(External): Toward or at the body surface

Ex. the skin is superficial to muscle

Deep

(Internal): Away from the surface of the body

Ex. the lungs are deep to the ribs

Cephalic

Head

Cranial

Skull

Facial

Face

Frontal

Forehead

Orbital/Ocular

Eye

Otic

Ear

Buccal

Cheek

Nasal

Nose

Oral

Mouth

Mental

Chin

Occipital

Back of head

Cervical

Neck

Trunk

Thoracic & Abdominal

Thoracic

Chest

Sternal

Breastbone

Axillary

Armpit

Mammary

Breast

Abdominal

Belly/Abdomen

Umbilical

Navel/Belly button

Coxal

Hip

Pelvic

Pelvis

Inguinal

Groin

Pubic

Genital region

Scapular

Shoulder blade

Vertebral

Spinal column

Lumbar

Lower back

Sacral

Between the hips

Gluteal

Buttock

Perineal

Region between butt hole and external genials

Acromial

Point of the shoulder

Deltoid

Curve of shoulder

Brachial

Arm (upper arm)

Antecubital

Front of elbow

Olecranal/Cubital

Back of elbow

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Manual

Hand

Palmar

Palm

Digital/Phalangeal

Fingers (or toes)

Pollex

Thumb

Femoral

Thigh

Patellar

Anterior knee/ kneecap

Popliteal

Posterior knee/ Back of knee

Crural

Leg (shin/front of lower leg)

Sural

Calf(back of lower leg)

Fibular/Peroneal

Side of the lower leg

Tarsal

Ankle

Pedal

Foot

Plantar

Sole of the foot

Calcaneal

Heel

Hallux

Big toe

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Contains the liver, gallbladder, duodenum, right kidney, part of stomach

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Contains the spleen, stomach, left kidney, pancreas, left portion of the liver

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

Contains the appendix, cecum, part of small intestine, right ureter

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Contains the majority of the small intestine, portions of the large intestine, left ureter

Right hypochondriac region

Located on the upper right side, beneath the cartilage of the lower ribs

Epigastric region

Located in the upper middle area, directly above the stomach

Left hypochondriac region

Located on the upper left side, beneath the lower ribs

Right lumbar region

Located on the middle right side, lateral to the umbilical region

Umbilical region

Located centrally, containing the umbilicus (belly button)

Left lumbar region

Located on the middle left side, lateral to the umbilical region

Right iliac (Inguinal) region

Located on the lower right side near the groin

Hypogastric (pubic) region

Located in the lower middle area, directly below the umbilical region

Left iliac (inguinal) region

Located on the lower side near the groin

Sagittal plane

Direction: vertical plane running from top to bottom and front to back

Sections: divides body into left and right portions

Sub-types:

Midsagittal (median plane): Cuts directly down the midline to create equal left and right halves

Parasagittal plane: Cuts off-center to create unequal left and right sides

Frontal (coronal) plane

Direction: A vertical plane running from top to bottom and side to side

Sections: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Transverse (Horizontal/Axial) plane

Direction: Horizontal plane running parallel to the ground

Sections: Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. This creates a cross sections

Oblique plane

Direction: A plane passing through the body at an odd or odd-set angle

Sections: Divides the body or an organ into diagonal or slanted sections

Midsagittal (median plane)

Cuts directly down the midline to create equal left and right halves

Parasagittal plane

Cuts off-center to create unequal left and right sides

What atoms that have gained or lost elections is called..

Ions

What does Denatured mean, give an example

A protein loses its normal shape and function because its hydrogen bonds and structure break down.

Ex. Straightening your hair, using the hot iron breaks down the protein bonds in the hair to temporarily change its structure

Which embryonic germ layer is mesothelium derived from..

Mesoderm, the middle embryonic germ layer

What is the 3 embryonic germ layers…

Ectoderm (outer layer), Mesoderm (middle layer), Endoderm (inner layer)

Ectoderm

The outermost layer of the early embryo

Mesoderm

The middle layer situated between ectoderm and endoderm

Endoderm

The innermost layer lining the developing digestive tube

What substances donate hydrogen ions (protons) to a solution…

Acids

A solution with a pH of 7 is considered a..

Neutral solution

What chemical resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added to a solution…

Buffers

A solution with a greater concentration of hydroxide ions than hydrogen is..

Basic or alkaline