IHS Exam 2

Damage-framework hypothesis: _____ of pathogen and _____ ______ of the host affect the disease outcome

dose; immune status

Damage-framework hypothesis: _________ _________ is an outcome of an interaction between a specific host and a specific microorganism

microbial pathogenesis

Damage-framework hypothesis: the host-relevant outcome of the host-microorganism interaction is determined by the ______ of ________ to the host

amount of damage

Damage-framework hypothesis: host damage can result from ______ factors and/or host ________

microbial; response

The function of the immune system is to _______ and _______ tissue damage

detect, limit

microbe + ________ = immune response

damage

The two arms of the immune system are:

innate, adaptive

The innate immune system is "____-____" recognition and activation mechanisms

pre-set

The innate immune system is ____-______ ______ encoded

germ-line host

The innate immune system is (faster/slower) than the adaptive immune system

faster

The adaptive immune system is "_______" recognition and activation mechanisms

flexible

The adaptive immune system is generated through _____ _____ _____ rearrangement and mutation

somatic cell DNA

The innate and adaptive immune systems work (together/independently)

together

The three core components of the immune system:

cells, receptors, signal molecules

Interleukins are a type of ______

cytokine

IL stands for ______

interleukin

Chemokines are a type of _______

cytokine

The three general abbreviations for chemokines (use #)

CCL#, CXCL#, CX3CL#

The 3 general abbreviations for chemokine receptors (use #)

CCR#, CXCR#, CX3CR#

TNF and IFN are examples of _______

cytokines

CD stands for "_______ of ________"

cluster of differentiation

Clusters of differentiation are _____ _______ molecules

cell surface

Another term for white blood cells is _________

leukocytes

Leukocytes are derived from the ______ _______ via _______

bone marrow; hematopoiesis

Most leukocytes circulate in the _______

blood

A subset of lymphocytes circulates via the ________

lymphatics

True or false: leukocytes are found in every tissue at all times

true

Order of the circulatory system (use - to separate)

arteries- capillaries- veins- lungs and heart- arteries

Leukocytes leave the circulation and move into tissues at the _______ _______

capillary beds

(few/some/all) tissues have capillaries

all

Oxygen, nutrient, metabolite, toxin, and fluid (into tissues) exchanges occur in ______ _____

capillary beds

Fluid movement out of tissues occurs mainly via _______ ________

lymphatic vessels

Leukocytes are either resident or ________ (during tissue damage)

recruited

Leukocytes are found in specialized structures associated with the tissue, known as ______-______ ______ ______ (or _____ for short)

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Leukocytes are also found in _______ nodes associated with the tissue

lymph

Lymph nodes are specialized, encapsulated tissue that contains _________ and ________ ________ cells

lymphocytes; myeloid mononuclear

Lymph is filtered through ______ ______

lymph nodes

What is the secondary circulatory system called?

lymphatic system

The lymphatic system is (open/closed)-ended

open

the lymphatic system connects tissue sites to the ______ _____, ______, and _______ system

lymph nodes; spleen; circulatory

Lymph is similar in content to ______

serum

Lymph is derived from these three sources/processes:

blood, digestion, tissue metabolism

Lymph is collected via _______ ________ along with WBCs

lymphatic vessels

Lymph is dumped into the circulation via the _____ ______

thoracic duct

Lymph is a type of ______ fluid

interstitial

Lymph vessels involve ______ cells

endothelial

Lymph nodes are found (throughout body/only in specialized structures)

throughout body

The production of blood cells is called ________

hematopoiesis

ILC stands for _____ ______ cells

innate lymphoid

Blood cells and are produced in the _____ ______ from _______ _______ _______

bone marrow; hematopoietic stem cells

Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone make these two main groups of stem cells:

myeloid stem cells, lymphoid stem cells

Myeloid stem cells in the bone make these 3 groups of cells:

mast cell, myeloblast, monoblast

Three types of myeloblasts:

eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil

Monoblasts make ________, two examples of which are _______ and _____ _______

monocytes; macrophages, dendritic cells

Lymphoid stem cells in the bone make these 4 types of cells:

natural killer cells (NK cells), T cells, B cells, Innate lymphoid cells (ILC)

The cells made by lymphoid stem cells are also called _________

lymphocytes

T cells are processed in the _______

thymus

B cells are processed in the ______ _______

bone marrow

3 layers of blood vessels (except capillaries)

tunica intima (endothelium), tunica media, tunica adventitia

The tunica intima is made of _______ cells

endothelial

The tunica media is made of vascular ______ ______ cells

smooth muscle

The tunica adventitia is made of _________

fibroblasts

Capillaries are made of _______ cells and ________

endothelial, pericytes

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

redness, warmth, pain, swelling, altered function

Inflammation is characterized by (increased/decreased) leukocytes in tissue, (increased/decreased) vascular permeability, and (increased/decreased) cytokine production

increased, increased, increased

Once pathogens have entered the body, resident _______ engulf pathogens and release ________

macrophages; cytokines

________ factors and cytokines help deliver additional phagocytes

vasoactive

True or false: Monocyte-derived dendritic cells are the most numerically dominant in the body

true

_______-________ interactions are the primary molecular mechanism driving the immune system

receptor-ligand

The 4 general steps of receptor-ligand interaction

1) receptor-ligand binding, 2) signal transduction via secondary messengers, 3) cellular responses, 4) change gene expression

Degenerate receptors bind ligands that are similar in ______ or _______ _______

structure, surface charge

Cross-reactive ligands have structurally similar _______ ______ sites

receptor binding

Pattern recognition receptors are an example of a _______ receptor

degenerate

True or false: degenerate receptors lose all specificity

false

Cross-reactive ligands lead to a (stronger/weaker) cellular response compared to the primary ligand

weaker

Antigens are recognized by ________ and ___ _____ receptors

antibodies; T cell

Antigens are most commonly a _______, but they can be a ________

protein; carbohydrate

Antigens are rarely ______ or a ______

DNA; lipid

An antigen derived from a non-infectious source is called a(n) _______

allergen

A host-derived molecule that the immune system targets in autoimmunity is called a(n) ________

autoantigen

Microbe-associated molecular patterns are (fractioned/conserved) within a class of microorganism

conserved

MAMPs are recognized by _______ receptors of the (innate/adaptive) immune system

degenerate; innate

Which MAMP is found in: gram negative bacterial cell walls

lipopolysaccharides

Which MAMP is found in: gram positive bacterial cell walls

teichoic acids

Which MAMP is found in: bacterial DNA but NOT mammalian DNA

unmethylated CpG motif

Which MAMP is found in: some viruses

dsRNA

Which MAMP is found in: yeast cell walls

mannans

Which MAMP is found in: bacterial protein (flagellum)

flagellin

PRRs are _____-encoded _____ receptors

host; degenerate

PRRs bind ______

MAMPs

PRRs are expressed on ______ _____ _____ cells, among others

phagocytic white blood cells

PRRs are found (outside/inside/both) the cell

both

3 big examples of PRRs

TLRs (toll-like), NLRs (NOD-like), CLRs (C-type lectin)

Damage-associated molecular patterns are derived from ____ cells

host

DAMPs invoke "______" inflammatory responses because they are derived from ______ cellular contents

sterile; host

Ischemia

lack of blood flow

Hypoxia

lack of oxygen

Antibodies are (hetero/homo)dimeric (mono/bi/tri/quad)valent receptors

hetero; bi

Antibodies can bind (one/two/three/four) identical Ag molecules

two

Antibody heavy and light chains are joined by _______ bonds

disulfide