Industrial Revolution

Cottage Industry

A system where families produce cheap cotton goods in the countryside, receiving materials to make products for cities.

James Hargreaves

Invented the spinning jenny in 1768, allowing for greater yarn production.

Richard Arkwright

Invented the water frame spinning machine, increasing the production of yarn.

James Watt

Scottish engineer who invented the steam engine, enabling steam-powered factories independent of rivers.

Henry Cort

Developed the puddling process, improving the quality of wrought iron production.

George Stephenson

Built the Rocket locomotive, leading to modern railway construction in Britain.

Crystal Palace Exhibition (1851)

The first industrial fair in London, showcasing British engineering and wealth.

Thomas Malthus

Proposed that unchecked population growth leads to overpopulation and misery, advocating for non-interference in economics.

David Ricardo, Iron Law of Wages

Argued that population growth leads to lower wages, creating a cycle of misery.

Industrialization Challenges

Countries like Austria, Italy, Russia, and others lagged behind industrial advances made by Britain, France, and the U.S.

John Cockerill

Brought the Industrial Revolution to Belgium by developing machine shops.

Tariffs

Taxes used to protect growing industries from cheap foreign goods, notably in Germany and France.

U.S. Industrialization

Rapid population growth and borrowing machinery from Britain led to a labor-intensive economy.

IR Cities

Cities experienced rapid industrial growth, leading to overcrowding and poor living conditions.

King Cholera

Disease caused by contaminated drinking water due to poor sanitation and overcrowding.

Demographic Changes

Rapid urbanization and population growth, especially in England, from 1801-1851.

Life and Adventure of Michael Armstrong

Illustrates the poor working conditions for factory workers, especially children.

Edwin Chadwick

Urban reformer who advocated for sanitary reforms to eliminate diseases caused by pollution.

Quakers and Industrial Entrepreneurs

Individuals from religious minorities who became industrial leaders, replacing traditional entrepreneurs.

Factory Acts (1802-1833)

Legislation aimed to improve working conditions for women and children in factories.

Mine Acts (1842)

Legislation that banned underground work for women and boys under 10 years old.

Poor Law Act (1834)

Established workhouses for the poor, based on the belief that the poor were responsible for their conditions.

Robert Owen

Leader of the Trade Union Movement, advocating for cooperative living and unions.

William Blake

Criticized industrialization and its impact on society, linking it to religion and social issues.

Trade Unions

Associations formed by skilled workers to protect their interests and negotiate with employers.

Chartist Movement

A political movement of the working class in the 19th century advocating for political reforms.

Luddites (1811)

Skilled workers who protested against machines threatening their jobs, ultimately failing to stop mechanization.

The Grand National Consolidated Trade Union (1834)

A national trade union federation aimed at improving working conditions, but collapsed due to lack of support.

Amalgamated Society of Engineers

The largest trade union post-1834, successful in providing unemployment benefits.

Combination Act (1799)

Law prohibiting worker associations, later repealed in 1824 due to ineffective enforcement.

Peterloo Massacre (1819)

Peaceful protest resulting in military violence, spurring demands for reform and increased voting rights.