Sociology- Ch: 5,6,7,8

“I”

the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested, component of personality & identity of oneself

“Me”

the part of ourself that is aware of the expectations & attitudes of society- the socialized self

Agents of Socialization

family, school, peer group, mass media

Agent: Family

-children first interact & learn norms, values (which shape personality)

-able to produce individuals who share & understand the society around them

Agent: Peer Group

“ fitting in” → peer acceptance, friends have an influence on what you do, say, etc. , shapes children off of peers expectations

Agent: Mass Media

allows people to connect to anything, almost immedietly, without face to face contact

Agent: School

activitites are planned with the consideration of it being socially active; children spend lots of time here with people & mentors to influence them

Effects of Isolation during childhood

feral children, death, mental disorder, diabled, etc

Heredity

the transmission of genetic charcteristics from parents to children

Instinct

an unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern

Looking-glass self

the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others

personality

the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristics of an individual

role-taking

taking or pretending to take the role of others

socialization

an interactive process where people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, & behavior patterns

sociobiology

the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior

tabula rasa

known as a “ blank slate”t

Adolescence

the period between the normal onset of puberty & the beginning of adulthood

Anticipatory socialization

the involvement where learning about rights, obligations, and expectations occur in order to prepare for the future

Characteristics of adolescence

biological growth & development, undefined status, increased decision making, increased pressure, the search for self

Biological growth and development

puberty (physical), body (anything endocrine system/ hormones), feelings ( power, anxiety, etc)

undefined status

the name for when people do not know how to treat you at the time (gray area)

increased decision making

children begin choosing their classes, clubs, extracurriculars & even careers, education , etc

increased pressure

peer pressure, adult rules (ex: curfew, driving, etc)

the search for self

decisions about what is important for them; making personal norms, preparing for the future

Dating

the meeting of people as a romantic engagement

Courtship

the meeting of people in hopes to marry eachother

factors leading to the development of adolescence

education, exclusion from the labor force, & juvie

Factor development: education

kids are required to attend school

Factor development: Labor Force

children can not be hired until they are 16 and under limited hrs

Factor development: Juvenile- Justice System

detention centers for minors

Homogamy

the tendency of individuals to marry people who have similar social characteristics

Puberty

the physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction

Social Intergration

the degree of attachment people have to social groups or to society as a whole

3 major problems of adolescence

teenage sexual behavior, teen drug use, teen suicide

Major Problem: Teenage Sexual Behavior

sex-selling, feminism, birth control; influenced by: family, income, religion, etc; consequences: STDs, teen parenting, etc

Major Problem: Teen Drug Use

influences: peer pressure, family issues, school issues, social issues, etc; consequences: drug violence, increased crime, trafficking, rehab, etc

Major Problem: Teen Suicide

influences: depression + anxiety, unclear guidelines, alcohol/ drug use, age, gender, etc; consequences: family relations, relationships, cluster effect, death

TIME: adjustment to retirement

Young-Old (Ages 65-74 )

Challenges: related to adjustment to retirement

• loss of work

• income

• health

• social networks

• identity

• rise of suicide

Alzheimer’s disease

an organic condition that results in the progressive loss of brain cells

Challenges: Dealing w/ dependency & Death

• asking others for help

• loss of independence

• reversal of roles ( if caregiver is a child)

• greatest fear → death

TIME: dependency & Death

Old- Old (Ages 85+)

Challenges: Physical & Mental Functioning

-Alzheimers

-wrinkles

-weight loss

-slower process

-muscle loss

TIME: Physical & Mental Functioning

Middle old (Ages 75-84)

Adult Female Development

Leaving the family, entering the adult world, entering the adult world (again)

Leaving the family

FEMALE; leaving home, psychological break from parents, development of a life plan; marriage > career

entering the adult world

FEMALE; marriage & starting famlies; dual roles begin: motherhood & jobs

entering the adult world (again)

FEMALE; children are old enough and mothers begin to look for work; commitment to careers (exploration)

Adult Male development

The early adult transition, entering the adult world, age 30 transition, the settling down period, & the mid-life transition

The early adult transition

MALE; leaving home for work or college

entering the adult world

MALE; formation of stable life structure; exploration of relationships & careers; development of dream acomplishment (for direction & pupose)

age 30 transition

MALE; shifts in direction; novic phase- preparing for entry into the adult world; re-evaluation of life/ current development

the settling down period

MALE; “making it in society” (establishment), mentors become necessary, major commitments (family, work, etc)

the mid-life transition

MALE: trying to figure it all out, wanting to achieve dreams, self-examinaton: questioning life structure (again)

anomie

the situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or no longer applicable

control theory

deviance is a natural occurance

cultural-transmission theory

deviance is a learned behavior

deviance

behavior that violates significant social norms

differential association

people learn to become deviant from their enviroment

labeling theory

identification of being deviant

plea bargain

legal negotiation within the courts

primary deviance

identification of being deviant but with unoticed conformity

secondary deviance

identification of being deviant with public notice & personal acception

stigma

a mark of social disgrace that sets deviant & other people apart

strain theory

views deviance as the outgrowing of norms, values, & structures

Social functions of deviance

clarifying norms, unifying the group, diffusing tension, promoting social change, providing jobs

clarifying norms

defines boundaries; warning for society

unifying the group

draws the line between conforming & not conforming; brings people together

diffusing tension

serves as a saftey value; free expresion

promoting social change

identifies problem areas & can correct situations

providing jobs

gives jobs to the justice system (police, lawyers, etc)

Types of crime

organized crime,victimless crime, white-collar crime, crime aganist property, violent crime

violent crime

murder, forcible rape, robbery, assult, etc

crime aganist property

arson, vehicle theft, burglary, etc

victimless crime

prostitution, drug use, gambling, etc

white-collar crime

describes offenses commited by indvs of high social status & in a working enviroment (ex. tax evasion)

organized crime

pursuing crime as a “big business”; crime syndicate: professional criminals