The study of life reveals unifying themes

organization information energy and matter interactions evolution

The study of life can be divided into different ___ of biological organizations

levels

in_____complex systems are reduced to simpler components to make them more manageable to study

reductionism

A group of cells make up a ___

a group of tissues make up an ____

groups of organs make up a ____

tissue

organs

organism

system biology

the exploration of a biological system by analyzing a biological structure can give clues about what it does and how it works

The cell is the ____ unit of life that can perform all activities required for life

smallest

all cells share certain characteristics such as

being enclosed by a membrane

The two main forms of cells are

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

A eukaryotic cell contains membranes enclosed organelles including

a DNA containing nucleus

Prokaryotic cells lack

a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

contrasting eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

size and complexity

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

A DNA molecule holds

thousands of genes and hundreds of each section of DNA along the chromosome

As cells grow and divide the genetic info is

encoded

Inherited DNA directs the

development of the organism

A DNA molecule is made of

two long chains (strands) arranged in a double helix

each link of a chain is made of

one strand of DNA

For many genes, the DNA sequence provides

blueprints for making proteins

Proteins are the

major players in building and maintaining a cell

Genes control protein production in directly using

RNA as an intermediary

Gene expression: cells use info encoded in a

gene to synthesize a functional protein

info=

mrna

when you break down proteins you get

amino acids

protein=

chain of amino acids different numbers of amino acids make different proteins

DNA transcript —> mrna translation —→ chain of amino acids—>

Protein folding—> protein

info from DNA produces

protein

animals are consumers we feed on

other organisms

DNA is in

nucleus

An organism’s genome is its

entire library of genetic instructions

plants glucose

energy

Genomics is the study of

sets of genes in 1 or more species

proteomics refers to the study of

sets of proteins and their properties

the entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism, is called a

proteome

This chemical energy of producers is then passed to consumers that feed on

other organisms or their remains

It is in the cytoplasm where

proteins are produced

Plants and other photosynthetic organism (producers) convert their energy of sunlight into

the chemical energy of sugars

Life requires the transferred and transformation of energy and

matter

Every organism interacts with other organisms and with physical factors in its

environment

Interactions between organisms may benefit one organism and

harm the other

Interactions may also benefit both organisms or harm both

organisms

Scientists calculate the CO2 (carbon dioxide) that human activities have added to the atmosphere it has increased the average temp of the planet by 1oC since 1900 climate change is a directional change in global climate that

lasts three decades or more

The remarkably of diverse forms of life on the planet arose by

evolutionary processes

Evolution is a process of bio changes in which species accommodate differences from their

ancestors

Similar traits in two species are explained by relation from a

common ancestor

Evolution accounts for

the unity and diversity of life

Diversity is a

hallmark of life

Biologists currently divide the kingdom of life into three domains Bacteria, Archaea and

Eukarya

Domains Bacteria and Archaea are

prokaryotic

Domain Eukarya includes all Eukaryotic organelles'

Domain Eukarya includes three multicellular kingdoms

plants, fungi, and animals

Plants produce their own food photosynthesis fungi absorb nutrients from their

surroundings

Animals obtain food by eating and digesting

organisms

Eukaryotic organisms are more complex than the

prokaryotic organisms

3 kingdoms plants, fungi, and

animals

fungi are

producers

DNA universal language common to all organisms All have their own forms of

DNA

Darwin father of

evolution

modifications from modern ancestors modified as

time goes on

natural selection

unity and diversity of life as animals progress in life they modify as they progress

Competition as

inevitable

Most of bacteria offspring

will not survive

More prominent animals in their environment will get

hunted

prominent animals usually are

brightly colored or more visible

In studying natures scientists form and test hypothesizes science is an approach to understanding the

natural world

Inquiry is the search for information and explanation of

natural phenomena

Science includes challenge adventure and luck, along with careful planning creativity patience and persistence the scientific process inlcude forming logical hypothesizes and

testing them

Biology begins with careful

observations

Quantitive data discriptions rather than

measurements

Quantitive data numerical measurements which are often organized into

tables and graphs

deductive reasoning draws conclusions

through the logical induction

in science hyopthesis an explanation based on observations and assumptions that leads to a testable prediction

It is an explanation on trial

The initial observations may lead to multiple hypothesizes to be

tested

Deductive reasoning is the

process of drawing valid inferences

Scientific consensus is the shared conclusion among scientists that particular hypothesizes explains the known that will and stand up to

experimental testing

hypothesizes can never be conclusively proven to be true because we can never test all the alternatives testing a hypothesis in various ways can increase

our confidence

Bacteria is the main reason for

stomach ulcers

A hypothesis must be testable and

falsifiable

A controlled experiment compares an experimental

group

The factor that is manipulated and the factor that is subsequently measured is the

variable

the term controlled experiment does not mean that

researches control every possible variable

Theories in science a theory is

Broader in scope than a hypothesis

General enough to spin off many testable hypothesizes

Most scientists work in

teams

The goal of technology is to apply scientific knowledge for

some specific purpose

science and technology are

interdependent

Organisms are composed of

matter

Definition: matter is

anything that takes up space and has mass

A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in

a fixed ratio

A compound has emergent properties characteristics different from those of its

elements

of 90 plus natural elements about 20-25 percent are essential elements needed by an organism to live a healthy life and

reproduce

Trace elements are required in only minute quantities for example invertebrates’ iodine (I) is required for normal the

thyroid activity gland

In humans iodine deficiency can cause

goiter

elements in the human body

oxygen

carbon

hydrogen

nitrogen

calcium

phosphorus

potassium

sulfur

sodium

chlorine

magnesium

plants take in water and carbon dioxide

you give take in oxygen

plants give out

oxygen

An elements properties depends on the structure of its atoms each element consists of certain types of atoms, different from the atoms of any other

element

Definition: an atom is the smallest unit off matter that still retains the properties of an

element

atoms are composed of smaller parts called the

subatomic particles

relevant subatomic particles include

neutrons (no electrical charge)

protons (positive charge)

electrons (negative charge)

neutrons and protons from the

atomic nucleus

Electrons form a “cloud” of negative charge around the

nucleus

neutron mass and proton mass are almost identical and measured in

daltons

atoms of the various elements differ in number of

subatomic particles