Biochem 250 Lectures 1 and 2

biology

the science that studys life

Biochemistry

study of the chemical and physical processes that occur within living organisms

Chemistry

the study of composition, properties, and reactions of a particular substances and how it interacts with other substances

whats the cell

the smallest basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms that can grow, use energy, adapt and respond to their environment

which cell can be seen with the naked eye

amoeba cells that are greater than 250 micrometers

how many cells do the human body contain

10^14 cells

a tissue consists of

the same type of cells

the two types of cells

prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

what is common between the eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA

prokaryotic cells reproduce by

binary fission

eukaryotic cells reproduce by

mitosis and meiosis

the type of organisms

unicellular and multicellular

why are the ribosomes in prokaryotic cells not classified as organelles

because they are not surrounded by a membrane

the two types of eukaryotic cells

animal and plants cells

not in animal cells

Central vacuole , Cell wall, and Chloroplast

not in most plant cells

Flagellum, perxosomes , and Centriole

Plasma membrane contain

Phospholipid, Cholesterol, Proteins, and Carbohydrates

Cholesterol

provides rigidity

Two types of proteins

Peripheral Proteins and Integral Protein

Peripheral Proteins

are attached to the surface and contain protein fibers that help the cytoplasm

Integral proteins

are a mode of transportations, they transport specific ions ( each channal is for a specific ion )

Carbohydrate Chains

only occur on the outside of the cell to help adhesion between the cells

phospholipid bilayer

Has a hydrophilic phosphate head that allows the passage of h2o and polar ions and a hydrophobic fatty acid tail that allows the passage of non polar materials

Function of the plasma membrane

1. holds the shape of the cell

2. protects the cell

3. controls the passage of substances

where is the cell wall found

in prokaryotes like bacterial and eukaryotes like plants and fungi

what is the cell wall made of

cellulose

cellulose

the rigidity of the cell wall depends on the amount of sugar

what is the permeablty of the cell wall

Highly permeable and has pores to allow substances in

whats the function of the cellwall

provides support and protection

whats the cytoplasm made of

a jelly like fluid that contains all the cell wall organelles

Function of the cytoplasm

1. Holds all the organelles, molecules, and cytoskeleton

2. dissolve all the molecules

3. Facilitate all chemical reactions and the movement of organelles

what is the cytoskeleton

a dynamic network of interlinking proteins fibers present in the cytoplasm

what is the cytoskeleton made up of

microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments And Microtubules

where in the cytoplasm are cytoskeletons found

attached to the peripheral proteins

functions of the cytoskeleton

1. Helps maintain the cells shape and internal organization

2. provides mechanical support to help enable the cell to carry out essential functions

what essential function does the cytoskeleton help the cell with

cell division and movement .

what is the nucleus surrounded with

a double membrane called the nuclear envelope

how do materials move in and out of the nuclear envelope

it has thousands of pores to allow materials in and out

what is the nucleolus

a small dense spherical structure that synthesize ribosomes

where are the nucleolus

in the nuclear envelope

what is the function of the nucleus

1. contain all the genetic information

2. controls all the cell activities

what are ribosomes

composed of a large subunit that is formed inside the nucleolus

what are ribosomes made of

protein and rRNA

where are ribosomes found

free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER

what is the function of the ribosomes

protein synthesis

the two types of the Endoplasmic reticulum

the Rough ER and the Smooth ER

Rough ER

Flattened sacs with ribosomes connected to the nuclear envelope

what is the function of the the Rough ER

Involved in protein synthesis

Smooth ER

Vesicles and tubules not covered with ribosomes

Function of the Smooth ER

1. Synthesis of lipids

2. Contain enzymes which detoxifies chemicals

Golgi apparatus

composed of sacks of cisternae each surrounded by a single membrane

what is the function of the Golgi apparatus

Collects, modifies and package newly synthesized lipids and proteins into vesicles to be transported

Mitochondria

the power house of the cell

mitochondrion

double membrane surrounding the mitochondria

what is the double membrane surrounding the mitochondria

1. smooth outer membrane

2. inner membrane which has many folds called cristae

3. the inner fluid called the matrix

whats the function of the cristae

enlarge the surface area for the chemical reaction

whats the function of the outer membrane in the mitochondria

serves as a boundary between the mitochondria and the cytosol

what is the function of the mitochondria

energy formation

what does the matrix contain

1. enzymes that break the carbs to release energy

2. proteins that produce ATP

what is the protein in the matrix called

Cristea house protein complexes

Centrosomes

only found in animals. they are made up of two perpendicular cylinders called centrioles and contain microtubules

where are the centrosomes located

near the nucleus

what is the function of the centrosome

cell division

Lysosomes

contains Hydrolytic enzymes

what does the membrane surrounding the lysosomes prevents

it prevents the hydrolytic enzymes inside from destroying the cell

Function of Lysosomes

1. digest damaged organelles

2. break down food

3. kill pathogens and bacteria

4. Autolysis: destroy old or dying old cells

Peroxisomes

contain oxidative enzyme

function of peroxisomes

Detoxification of Hydrogen Peroxide and other harmful compounds

Vacuoles

Sac like structure filled with fluid and enclosed by a membrane

whats the difference between the vacuole in Plant and animal cells

they are large and central in plants but small peripheral or absent in animal cells

what is the function of vacuoles

Store substances such as water, waste, protein, lipids and minerals temporarily

Plastids

membrane bound organelles

what are the types of plastids

Leucoplasts (colorless), Chromoplast(colored), and Chloroplast(green)

Leucoplast function

Storage of food

Chromoplasts Function

storage of pigments

Chloroplast function

Contain green pigments for photosynthesis