cdi semi

causes of death

the causes of death are injury, disease or combination or both injury and disease that produces the fatal termination may be immediate or proximate.

Immediate or Primary Cause of Death

when trauma or disease kill quickly that there is no opportunity for sequelae or complications to develop.

The Proximate or Secondary Cause of Death

the injury or disease was survived for a sufficient prolonged interval which permitted the development of serious sequelae which actually caused the death.

natural death

caused by natural disease condition in the body. The disease may develop simultaneously or it might have been a consequence of physical injury inflicted prior to its development.

Violent death

are those due to injury inflicted in the body or some forms of outside force. The physical injury must be the proximate cause of death.

homicidal death
suicidal death
accidental death
euthanasia

Medico-legal classification of death(TYPES OF VIOLENT DEATH)

Homicidal death

-Taking of human life by another human being.

-Killing of a person

Suicidal death

taking of one’s own life

Accidental Death

-Death due to an accident

-Death not falling to natural, homicidal, and suicidal death

Undetermined

-Death of a person cannot determine

-Result of negative autopsy.

euthanasia

Mercy killing

pathological classification of death

An analysis of all deaths from natural causes will ultimately lead to the failure of the heart, lungs, and the brain

Death from Syncope

this death is due to sudden and fatal cessation of the action of the heart with circulation included.

Death of Coma

Prolonged unconsciousness

Death by Asphyxia

the condition in which the supply of the oxygen to the blood or to tissues or to both has reduced below.

Asphyxia by Strangulation

strangulation is produce by compression of the neck by means of ligature which is tightened by a force other than the weight of the body.

Asphyxia by Hanging

a form of violent death brought about by the suspension of the body by a ligature which encircles the neck and the constricting force is the weight of the body.

Asphyxia by Suffocation

is the exclusion of air from the lungs by closure of air opening or obstruction of the air passageway from external openings to the air sacks.

Smothering

a form asphyxial death caused by closing the external respiratory orifices, either by the use of hand or by some other means.

Choking

a form of suffocation brought about by the impaction of foreign body in the respiratory passage.

Entrapment or Environment Suffocation

caused by an inadequate or gross deficiency of oxygen in the environment but, it is not due to by suffocating gases.

mechanical axphyxia

it is where the pressure on the outside (added weight, outside forces/objects, etc.,) of the body prevents respiration. It is also accidental in manner

Traumatic asphyxia
Positional asphyxia
Riot-crush or human pile death

TYPES OF MECHANICAL ASPHYXIA

Traumatic asphyxia

it is another term for mechanical asphyxia.

Burking

a form of mechanical asphyxia where death is caused by the combination of smothering and traumatic asphyxia, where the victim is put to ground and Burke (assailant) sits on the chest and closes the mouth of the victim.

Suffocating gases

it is characterized by the displacement of oxygen from inspired gases.

Asphyxia by Drowning

a form of asphyxia wherein the nostrils and the mouth has been submerged in a watery, viscid or pultaceous fluid for a time to prevent the free entrance of air into the air passage and lungs.

Death from Coma

a state of unconsciousness with insensibility of the pupil and conjunctivae, and inability to swallow, resulting from the arrest of the function of the brain.

identifying the cadaver

Establishing the identity of the victim is important, it will provide tracing clues to the motive and identity of the perpetrator, with the identity known

identification papers
fingerprint
examination of bones
forensic odontology

MEANS OF IDENTIFYING CADAVER

physical injury

damage or harm caused to the structure or function of the body caused by outside force, which may be physical or chemical, and either by accident or intentional.

physical violence
heat or cold
electrical energy
chemical energy
radiation
change in atmospheric pressure
infection

causes of physical injury

Simple injury

an injury that neither serious or extensive but heals rapidly without leaving permanent deformity or disfiguration.

grievous injury

an injury which endangers life or which causes an individual person to be, during the space or twenty days in severe bodily pain or unable to follow his or her ordinary pursuits.

Fatal injury

injury that causes death immediately or within a short time after its infliction and these are wounds involving the heart, big blood vessels, the brain, the upper part of the spinal cord, the lungs, the stomach, the liver, the spleen, and the intestines.

Thermal injury

caused when the human body is exposed to a high or lower environmental temperature.

Frostbite

an injury caused by freezing of the skin and underlying tissues; is the damage sustained by tissues when exposed to temperatures below their freezing point.

Trench foot

Person whose foot is exposed to severe cold temperature may result to stiffening of the muscle cramps.

Heat stroke

breaking down of sweating mechanism usually common to a workers who are exposed to warm environment or having a direct exposure to extreme heat of sun rays and may displayed by increase of the body temperature mental injuries to central nervous system, congestion and hemorrhages in various organ

scald

type of skin injury due to strong contact with hot object or boiling liquid that characterized by redness, pain, and blistering formation.

burn

injury resulting to an application of physical heat in any form to the body and is characterized by redness, heat coagulation of tissues to actual burning.

First degree burn

type of burn that involves the superficial layer of the skin characterized by redness and pain.

Second degree burn

skin burn which involves the superficial layer of the tissues and skin and nerve endings characterized by blister formation.

Third degree burn

type of skin injury involving the nerves, muscles and bones which is usually met in victims of conflagration.

Coup Injury

physical injury is located at the site of the application of force.

Contre-coup

physical injury is located at the opposite site of the application of force.

coun contre-coup

physical injury is located at the site and also opposite site of application of force.

locus minoris resistentiae

physical injury located not at the site or opposite site of the application of force but, in some areas offering the least resistance to the force applied.

extensive injury

physical injury involving greater area of the body beyond the site of the application of force.

Vital reaction

the sum total of all reaction of tissue or organ to trauma.

Rubor

Is the congestion of the area due to an increase of blood supply as a part of the reparative mechanism.

Calor

sensation of heat or increase in temperature.

Dolor

pain or an account of the involvement in the sensory nerve

Loss of Function

on account of trauma, the tissue may not be able to function normally.

Wound

break or solution in the continuity of the skin or tissue of the living body.

Mortal wound

wound is caused immediately after infliction or shortly thereafter that is capable of causing death.

Non-mortal Wound

wound which is not capable of producing death immediately after infliction or shortly thereafter.

Superficial

it is when the wound involves only the layers of the skin.

Deep Wound

when the wound involves the inner structure beyond the layers of the skin

Penetrating

the bullet enters, but does not leave the body. This means there is only an entrance wound and the bullet is somewhere in the body.

Perforating

the bullet enters and exits the body. This means that there is an entrance and exit wound, and the bullet has left the body.

contusion

the effusion of blood into tissues underneath the skin on account of the rupture of the blood vessels as a result of the application of blunt force or violence

Abrasion

the removal of the specific epithelial layer of the skin due to friction.

hematoma

the extravasation or effusion of blood in a newly formed cavity underneath the skin.

Incised Wound

refers to cuts or slices caused by a sharp-edged object that has impacted the body in an approximately parallel or tangential direction.

Stab Wound

the result of a pointed or sharp and pointed object forced inward. The direction of force is usually perpendicular to the skin surface.

Lacerated Wound

wound that caused by the splitting of tissues and forceful tearing of the skin when an object impacts the skin with a force that exceeds its elastic capacity. This wound is commonly produced by blunt instrument like stone, baseball bat or hardwood.

Defense Wound

refers to injuries sustained by the victims attempting to defend themselves from attack.

Self inflicted Wound

wounds as a form of self-harm, which falls short of attempted suicide, are parallel, shallowly incised wounds that heal and leave multiple, fine, horizontal, linear white scars.

Patterned Wound

wound in the nature and shape of an object or instrument causing it.

Gun shot wound

a penetrating wound that leaves a skin defect where the projectile passes through the skin.

Demi Virginity

woman who permits any form of sexual liberties as long as they abstain from rupturing the hymen.

False physical Virginity

is a condition of a woman who had experienced sexual intercourse. The hymen is unruptured, elastic and distensible and admits 1 or 2 examining fingers with least resistance.

True Physical Virginity

The woman is sexually matured, had not experience sexual intercourse and whose hymen is still intact with distinct regular edges and the opening is small barely admits the tip of the smallest finger.

Physical Virginity

condition of a female wherein she is conscious about sexual life, the sex organs and secondary sex characteristics are fully developed but had not experienced sexual intercourse.

moral virginity

is a state wherein the female is not physically and sexually matured, and has not experience sexual intercourse. The sex organs and secondary sex characteristics are not fully developed. This applies to children 9 years old below, the age of puberty.

Defloration

Is defined as the taking of a woman’s virginity.

Virginity

a condition of a female who has not experienced sexual intercourse and genital organ have not been altered by carnal connection.

Exit Wound

tend to be larger than the corresponding entrance wounds and usually consist of lacerations with unbruised margins.

Distant gunshot wound

has a range of fire morethan 3 feet.

Intermediate range

wherein the distance of the weapon is greater than 12 inches but less than 3 feet from the skin.

Close range entrace wound

wherein the muzzle is close to, but not in contact with the skin, soot and gunpowder will be evident around the entrance skin defect.

Contact Wound

gunshot wound that has associated charring of the skin, with soot deposited within the depths of the wound. Point blank range

Entrance Wound

It is the result of the forward motion of the bullet indenting the skin and gazing it at the time of its entry.

Virgo Intacta

women who have had previous sexual act even habitually but had not given birth.

Breast
Viginal Canal
Labia majora and Labia minora
Fourchette
Hymen

parts of female body to be considered in determination of the condition of virginity

Hymen

thin piece of tissue located at the opening of the vagina.

Semen

the male reproduction fluid containing spermatozoa in suspension. refers to the seminal fluid that contains millions of sperms.

Sperm

microscopic male reproductive cell

Hemisphere Breast

The contour lines are not straight but form part of circle or half of sphere.

Conical Breast

the breast is shape similar to a cone. The outline consists of two converging lines which meet at the region of the nipple.

Flat Breast

the breast is only slightly elevated from the chest without distinct boundary showing no definite shape.

Pendulous Breast

The skin of the breast is loose making it capable swinging in any direction. This is commonly observed among parturient breast-feeding mothers.

carunculae myrtiformes

A female who had given birth to child exhibits

carunculae hymenalis

A habituated female shows torn hymen