Untitled Flashcards Set

Hemoglobin A1c test

Lab test for long-term glucose levels.

LDL particle size and longevity

Smaller, denser LDL particles are more atherogenic.

High BUN and high creatinine correlation

Indicates renal (kidney) dysfunction.

High BUN with normal creatinine cause

Dehydration and/or increased protein catabolism.

Serum sodium and fluid balance

Low serum sodium (hyponatremia) requires increased sodium intake, while high sodium (hypernatremia) suggests dehydration.

Enemies elevated in pancreatitis

Amylase and lipase.

Consequences of high blood ammonia levels

Liver dysfunction, hepatic encephalopathy, and neurological issues.

Lab values for liver disease

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).

Electrolytes decreased in refeeding syndrome

Phosphate, potassium, and magnesium.

Resting energy expenditure (REE)

Calories needed for 24 hours, not including athletes.

Respiratory quotient (RQ) interpretation

CO2/O2 ratio of 0.7 indicates fat use for energy, 0.8 indicates mixed macronutrients, and above 1 indicates carbohydrate use for energy.

Caloric calculation for resting metabolic rate (RMR) in females

(10 times weight in lbs) + (6.25 times height in inches) - (5 times age) - 161.

Caloric calculation for resting metabolic rate (RMR) in males

(10 times weight in lbs) + (6.25 times height in inches) - (5 times age) + 5.

Hypocaloric, high-protein regimen population

Targeted for obese or critically ill individuals.

High protein regimen calculation for nitrogen balance

Protein intake (g) x 0.16 = N; then N - (UUN + 4) = x; goal is x - 17.

RDA method for fluid needs

(body weight in lbs / 2.2 = kg) x ml; different age ranges have different needs.

Nutrition diagnosis PES statement: P

Problem in terms of nutrition.

Nutrition diagnosis PES statement: E

Etiology - root cause (physiological, psychosocial, environmental).

Nutrition diagnosis PES statement: S

Signs/symptoms - evidence from the issue.

Components of Nutrition intervention

Food/nutrient delivery, nutrition education, counseling, and coordination of care.

First step in nutrition counseling

Build rapport with open-ended questions.

CVD Ischemia

Reduced/restricted blood flow to tissues due to blockage or constriction of a blood vessel.

Plaque in arteries

Fatty deposits made from cholesterol, smooth muscle cells, and fibrous tissue.

Thrombosis

Blood clot forms at the site of injury or blood vessel.

Embolism

Thrombus breaks free and travels in the blood, blocking vessels elsewhere.

LDL (low-density lipoprotein)

Considered 'bad' cholesterol; excess can build up in arteries causing CVD.

HDL (high-density lipoprotein)

Considered 'good' cholesterol; helps remove cholesterol from blood back to the liver.

Diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome: Abdominal obesity

Waist circumference >40 inches for men, >35 inches for women.

Diagnostic criterion for high BP

Blood pressure higher than 130/85.

Diagnostic criterion for fasting glucose

Fasting glucose higher than 100 mg/dL.

Diagnostic criterion for triglycerides

Triglyceride levels higher than 150 mg/dL.

Diagnostic criterion for low HDL

HDL levels lower than 40 mg/dL for men and 50 mg/dL for women.

Foods linked to metabolic syndrome

High-fat diets, processed meats, and soft drinks.

Nutritional impact of trans fats

Increased LDL levels, decreased HDL levels, and reduced insulin sensitivity.

Sources of omega-3 fatty acids

Cold water fish, plants, and supplements.

Effect of sodium on blood pressure

Sodium increases hypertension risk; potassium helps lower BP.

Principles of the Mediterranean diet

Plant-based with healthy fats, moderate fish and poultry, low red meat and dairy, and daily wine.

Characteristics of a heart-healthy diet

Low saturated and trans fats, high in healthy fats and plant-based foods.