The Skeletal System

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

-Support and protection
-Body movement
-Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) occurs in bone marrow
-Storage of inorganic materials (salt, calcium, potassium)

How many ones are you born with and how many do you have now?

You are born with about 270 but they fuse together to make 206

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

-Head, neck, trunk
-Skull
-Hyoid bone
-Vertebral column
-Thoracic cage (ribs, 12 pairs)
-Sternum

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

-Pectoral Gridle (scapula, clavicle, arms)
-Pelvic Gridle (coxal bones, legs)

What does fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) cause?

Causes soft tissue (muscles, tendons, ligaments) to turn to bone

What does the long bone consist of?

-Epiphysis (end)
-Diaphysis (shaft)
-Articular Cartilage (hylaine cartilage, padding)
-Periosteum (membrane that covers entire bone)
-Medulla (contains marrow)

How are the epiphyses named?

By location

Closest epiphyses to the body's central ->

Proximal

Furthest epiphyses from the body's central ->

Distal

What is the function of flat bones? Give example

Protection -- sternum, ribs, skull, bones

What is the function of long bones? Give example

Support weight, movement -- femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna

What is the function of short bones? Give example

Stability, movement -- carpals, tarsals

What is the function of irregular bones? Give example

Protects organs -- vertebrae, pelvis

What is the function of sesamoid bones? Give example

Reinforce tendons -- patella (knee cap)

What is inside the long bone?

-Medullary Cavity: hollow, filled with yellow bone marrow
-Endosteum: lines of the medullary cavity
-Red Marrow: produces blood
-Yellow Marrow: fat storage

What are the types of bone tissue?

-Compact (wall of the diaphysis)
-Spongy/Cancellous (epiphysis) -> red marrow

What is the epiphyseal line?

The growth plate

What is bone tissue called?

Osseous tissue

What is the matrix composed of?

Collagen and inorganic salts

What is osteocytes?

Mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called lacunae

The rings that form around the osteocytes are called?

Lamellae

What does the haversian canal house?

Blood vessels

What is a canaliculi?

Tiny canals that link osteocytes

What provides passageways for blood vessels?

Haversian and Volkmann canals

What is the process ossification?

Bone first forms as hyaline cartilage, then gradually changes into bone tissue

Primary ossification center increases...

Diameter

Secondary ossification center increases...

Length

Osteoblasts:

Creates osteocytes (blasts = produce)

Osteoclasts:

Bone resorption (clasts = destroy)

Define epiphyseal disk (growth plate)

A bond of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis

Name the types of joints

-Synarthrotic: immovable joint, called sutures -> skull
-Amphiarthrotic: slightly movable -> vertebrae
-Diarthrotic (synovial joint): movable joint -> knees, elbows, wrist, shoulder

Name the types of diarthrotic joints

-Ball & Socket joint (shoulder, hip)
-Hinge (elbow, knee)
-Pivot (lower arm)
-Saddle (thumb)

Frontal bone

Anterior portion (forehead)

Parietal bone

On each side of the top of skull

Temporal bone

Side, above ear

Occipital bone

Forms the back of the skull

Sphenoid bone

Within the cranium, party visible in

Ethmoid bone

Nasal cavity, visible in eye socket

Maxilla bone

Forms upper jaws

Mandible bone

Lower jaws, only movable bone of the skull

Zygomatic bone

Cheek bone

Vomer bone

Small, thin, plow-shaped, midline bone that occupies and divides the nasal cavity

Define sutures

Connection points between skull bones

Coronal suture

Between frontal and parietal bones

Lambdoidal suture

Between occipital and parietal bones

Squamosal (squamous) suture

Between temporal and parietal

Sagittal suture

Between parietal bones

What are fontanels?

"Soft spots" of an infants skull, these form sutures as you age, top spot is the anterior fontanel

What is the mental foramen?

An opening on the chin that allows nerves and blood vessels to come through to supply face

What is the foramen magnum?

Large opening through bottom of skull, where the spinal cord enters skull

Name the vertebrae

-Cervical (C1-C7) -> neck
-Thoracic (T1-T12) -> middle back
-Lumbar (L1-L5) -> lower back
-Sacrum & Coccyx (fused bone)

True ribs ->

First seven pairs, attach directly to sternum

False ribs ->

Last five pairs

Floating ribs ->

Last two pairs (floating ribs are a part of false ribs)

The pectoral gridle consist of...

-Shoulder
-Two clavicles (collar bones)
-Two scapulas (shoulder blades)

The pelvic gridle consist of...

-Hips
-Two large bones called coxal bones

Upper leg ->

Femur

Kneecap ->

Patella

Lower leg ->

-Tibia (shin)
-Fibula (bone that connect to side of ankle)

Ankle and upper foot - 7 bones ->

Tarsal

Heel bone (largest) ->

Calcaneus

Foot ->

Metatarsals

Toes ->

Phalanges

What are your carpals?

Wrist bones

What are your tarsals?

Ankle bones

Upper arm ->

Humerus

Lower arm ->

-Ulna (pinky)
-Radius (thumb)

Wrist ->

Carpals (8 small bones)

Hand ->

Metacarpals

Fingers ->

Phalanges

Tranverse break

Linear break

Oblique, nondisplaced break

Oblique, displaced break

Greenstick break

Spiral break

Comminuted break

What are bone spurs?

Also known as osteophytes
Occurs when the body grows small projections on the edges of bones

What is plantar fasciitis?

-Common cause of heel pain
-Inflammation of the plantar fascia
-Walking can be painful

What is osteoporosis?

-Increased activity of osteoclasts cause a break down of bone.
-Bones become more fragile
-The spongy bone becomes more porous

What are the causes of osteoporasis?

-Lack of exercise
-Poor diet
-Genetics
-Ethnicity
-Gender

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

An autoimmune disease which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity

What is rickets?

-Vitamin D deficiency
-Causes weak, brittle bones that fracture easily and affect growth

Nasal bone

Lacrimal bone

Mastoid Process

What is osteosarcoma?

Bone cancer

What are the abonormalities of the spine?

-Kyphosis: hunchback curve
-Lordosis: swayback in lower region
-Ankylosis: severe arthritis in the spine
-Scoliosis: curve of the spine

Talus

Calcaneus

Navicular

Cuboid

Medial Cuneiform

Intermediate Cuneiform

Lateral Cuneiform

Metatarsals (foot)

Proximal Phalanx

Middle Phalanx (Foot)

Distal Phalanx (Foot)

Radius