Solar Power/Energy [AB ENERGY]

Photovoltaic Cell

Uses solar light and convert it to

electricity

Thermoelectric Chip

Uses solar heat and convert it to

electricity

Solar Photovoltaic

Electricity generated by using

solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity through the

photovoltaic effect

Solar Thermal

Captures the sun's heat to be

used directly for heating water,

space, or industrial processes, or

indirectly to generate electricity

70 - 80%

Efficiency of solar collector/thermal

Devices for solar thermal

Solar collector, drying trays, source of airflow, and bins,

Solar Photovoltaic

Sunlight is captured and converted into electricity using a

solar cell. Voltage and current are obtained by connecting

cells either in series or in parallel

Devices for solar photovoltaic

Solar modules, panels, arrays; Controller, Battery,

Grid-tie inverter

Crop drying, fish drying, space heating, cooking

applications of solar thermal

Lighting residential houses, farm buildings,

hydroponics and aquaponics, greenhouses

applications for solar PV

1351 - 1357 W/m2

~1353 W/m2

Total of energy received from the sun per unit of time on a normal surface at the average

distance between the sun and the earth outside of the earth's atmosphere is equal to

690 w/m2

The radiation ABSORBED by the earth is about

1. Thermal or Heat-based Applications

2. Photovoltaic Applications

Classification of Solar Energy Applications (2)

Thermal or Heat-based Applications

These rely on heat energy coming from the sun.

Photovoltaic Applications

These rely on the illumination-spectrum intensity coming from the sun

Solar collector

a device that collect solar radiant energy and transform it to

some other useful form of energy.

Photovoltaic cell

device used to convert solar energy directly to electricity.

single crystal silicon solar cell

most common type of

Photovoltaic cell

16% efficiency

single crystal silicon solar cell efficiency

1353 watts/sq.m

Solar constant

Solar constant

amount of solar energy received per unit

time on a unit area of surface perpendicular to the radiation and at outer limit of

earth atmosphere when the earth is at mean distance from the sun

Direct radiation

the solar radiation received by the earth's surface without

having been deflected/intercepted or absorbed by the atmosphere

1000watts/sq.m.

Direct radiation (W/m2)

Low-Temperature System

System that uses a flat-plate solar collector. Color dull black with glass cover to minimize solar heat emission

outside the absorber.

High-Temperature System

It uses a concentrating-type solar collector. Usually curvilinear collector made of material with high

emissivity and equipped with tracking device

Low-Temperature System and High-Temperature System

Classification of Solar Thermal Systems

The Solar Module

Part of PV system that Converts solar light into

electricity

Part of PV system

Storage of electricity from the

solar module

The Charge Regulator

Part of PV system

controller not to

overload and discharge the battery

appliances

Part of PV system

Loads that uses the electricity

from the battery

Cables

Part of PV system

conducts the electricity from the

solar module to battery and loads

1.355 kW/m2

Power density of solar radiation entering the earth atmosphere is about (ATMOSPHERE)

890 kW/M^2

Average power density striking the earth surface is about

(EARTH SURFACE)

b. 0.89 kW/m²

The average power density of solar heat striking the

earth surface.

a. 1 kW/m²

b. 0.89 kW/m²

c. 0.58 kW/m²

d. None of the above

d. All of the above

The factor affecting solar radiation.

a. Cloudiness

b. Overcasting

c. Shade

d. All of the above

c. more

The place located near the equator will receive ___

solar radiation than those which are far from it.

a. less

b. the same

c. more

d. None of the above

a. Latitude of the place

The basis for determining the degree of inclination of

the solar collector.

a. Latitude of the place

b. Longitude of the place

c. Elevation of the place

d. None of the above

a. Solar absorber

The device used to convert solar radiation into heat.

a. Solar absorber

b. Solar cell

c. Solar panel

d. None of the above

b. Concentrating-type collector

A type of solar collector that follows the movement of

the sun.

a. Flat-plate-type collector

b. Concentrating-type collector

c. Air-inflated-type collector

d. None of the above

c. 14.15 m2

Determine the size of the flat-plate solar collector

perpendicularly inclined at 11 deg to the direction of

the sunlight which is required to supply thermal heat

to a fruit dryer that consumes 1000 kcal per hour of

heat energy. Assume a 0.89 kW per m2 average

power density and a 0.77 transmission factor.

a. 10.32 m2

b. 12.65 m2

c. 14.15 m2

d. None of the above

a. Flat-plate-type collector

Non-tract-type solar collector.

a. Flat-plate-type collector

b. Concentrating-type collector

c. Air-inflated-type collector

d. None of the above

b. Concentrating-type collector

A solar collector purposely to reflect back the

heat of a given space to increase its temperature.

a. Flat-plate-type collector

b. Concentrating-type collector

c. Air-inflated-type collector

d. None of the above

c. Up to 80%

Collection efficiency of a high-temperature

system solar collector.

a. Up to 60%

b. Up to 70%

c. Up to 80%

d. None of the above

b. Up to 70%

Collection efficiency of a low-temperature

system solar collector.

a. Up to 60%

b. Up to 70%

c. Up to 80%

d. None of the above

b. concentrating type SC

Parabolic solar collector is an example of ___.

a. non-concentrating type SC

b. concentrating type SC

c. non-tract type solar collector

d. None of the above

d. None of the above

Suitable heat collector for solar cell.

a. High-temperature flat-plate collector

b. Low-temperature parabolic solar collector

c. Air-inflated type collector

d. None of the above

c. 93.6 %

What is the collection efficiency of a solar cooker

that delivers a 1kW thermal energy to a cooking pot

if it has a 1.2 m2 collector area? The average power

density is 0.89 kW/m2.

a. 81.7 %

b. 89.3 %

c. 93.6 %

d. None of the above

b. used to tilt the solar collector to follow the direct

position of the sun

The solar tracker in a solar power system is ___.

a. used to carry the solar collector in areas where sun

energy is most efficient

b. used to tilt the solar collector to follow the direct

position of the sun

c. used to monitor the position of the sun

d. None of the above

b. The intensity of solar radiation decreases as the

distance of the location from the equator increases.

Which of the following statements is true?

a. The intensity of solar radiation increases as the

distance of the location from the equator increases.

b. The intensity of solar radiation decreases as the

distance of the location from the equator increases.

c. The intensity of solar radiation does not change

with the distance of the location from the equator.

d. None of the above

c. 12 kW

Two hundred liters of water is to be heated from

30°C to 80°C in 1 hour using solar heat. What is

the power required to heat the given amount of

water?

a. 9 kW

b. 11 kW

c. 12 kW

d. None of the above

b. 16.8 m2

What is the area of the tube-type solar collector

required for the heater in heating the 200 liters of

water in Item 28 above, if the collection efficiency is

80% and is oriented direct to the sunlight. The

average power density of the sun is 0.89 kW/m2.

a. 14.3 m2

b. 16.8 m2

c. 19.6 m2

d. None of the above

a. increases

Concentrating reflector ___ the radiation intensity

of the absorbing surface.

a. increases

b. decreases

c. maintains

d. None of the above

c. Electroplated silver

Which of the following materials provide high

reflection value?

a. Mirror glass

b. Aluminum foil

c. Electroplated silver

d. None of the above

c. painting the solar collector with dull black color

The solar collector's heat absorbing capacity can

be optimized by ___.

a. increasing its insulation thickness

b. providing the solar collector surface with glass

mirror

c. painting the solar collector with dull black color

d. None of the above

b. 0.89 kW/m²

Average power density of solar heat striking the

earth surface.

a. 1 kW/m²

b. 0.89 kW/m²

c. 0.58 kW/m²

d. None of the above

b. Photovoltaic

Device that generates electricity from the sunlight.

a. Windpump

b. Photovoltaic

c. Generator

d. None of the above

d. All of the above

Component of a solar electric system that

converts sunlight to electricity is the ____.

a. PV panel

b. solar cell

c. solar module

d. All of the above

c. ampere-hour

Solar battery is rated in terms of ____.

a. dimension of the battery

b. wattage

c. ampere-hour

d. None of the above

a. 6.13 ampere-hour

Capacity required for a 12volt solar panel system

is 73.6 watt-hour. What is the ampere-hour capacity

of the battery needed for the system?

a. 6.13 ampere-hour

b. 4.05 ampere-hour

c. 7.23 ampere-hour

d. None of the above

d. All of the above

Factor affecting solar radiation.

a. Cloudiness

b. Overcasting

c. Shade

d. All of the above

c. more

Place located near the equator will receive ___ solar

radiation than those which are far from it.

a. less

b. the same

c. more

d. None of the above

b. parallel

If 12volt solar module is required, two 12volt modules

must be connected in ___.

a. series

b. parallel

c. perpendicular

d. None of the above

c. there is more light that can be received by the

collector

More electricity can be produced by a solar cell if ___.

a. the temperature at the collector is higher

b. there is more cloud in the atmosphere

c. there is more light that can be received by the

collector

d. All of the above

d. None of the above

Suitable heat collector for solar cell.

a. High-temperature flat-plate collector

b. Low-temperature parabolic solar collector

c. Air-inflated type collector

d. None of the above

c. peak watt

Solar modules are usually rated in ___ which

indicates the amount of power generated under 1

kW/m2 rated condition at 25°C.

a. watts

b. volt-ampere

c. peak watt

d. None of the above

a. 10 cm x 10 cm

Approximate size of a solar cell that has the

capacity to produce 1 peak watt.

a. 10 cm x 10 cm

b. 5 cm x 10 cm

c. 10 cm x 20 cm

d. None of the above

f. None of the above

Which of the following does not belong to the PV

solar system?

a. PV Panel or module

b. Battery System and Charge Controller

c. Inverter

d. Load (appliances)

e. All of the above

f. None of the above

d. None of the above

Device used to convert AC voltage of the solar PV

System to DC voltage.

a. Inverter

b. Converter

c. PV panel

d. None of the above

c. Solar Array

Collection of solar panels.

a. Solar modules

b. Solar cells

c. Solar Array

d. None of the above

b. The intensity of solar radiation decreases as the

distance of the location from the equator increases.

Which of the following statements is true?

a. The intensity of solar radiation increases as the

distance of the location from the equator increases.

b. The intensity of solar radiation decreases as the

distance of the location from the equator increases.

c. The intensity of solar radiation does not change

with the distance of the location from the equator.

d. None of the above

b. latitude

When installing a solar panel, the degree of its

inclination is usually based on the ___ of the location.

a. longitude

b. latitude

c. elevation

d. None of the above

b. not connected to the grid

A stand-alone system is ___.

a. connected to the grid

b. not connected to the grid

c. connected or disconnected to the grid

d. None of the above

c. 2

Lead-acid battery basically has ___ volts per cell.

a. 4

b. 3

c. 2

d. None of the above

a. Photovoltaic cell

Solar energy device that generates electricity from

the sunlight.

a. Photovoltaic cell

b. Solar collector

c. Solar generator

d. None of the above

b. decreases

Power output of a solar cell ___ with the increase

in temperature .

a. increases

b. decreases

c. remains the same

d. None of the above

a. 14%

Efficiency of commonly used mono crystalline

silicon solar module.

a. 14%

b. 20%

c. 32%

d. None of the above

Solar Energy

refers to the radiant light and heat emitted by the sun

Photovoltaic conversion

Solar Thermal Conversion

2 Technological Pathways of Solar Energy

1 J/s

1 Watts is equivalen to __ J/s

solar insolation

the total energy received on a horizonta; surface over a given time (Kwh/m^2/day)

Short wave radiation

Solar radiation is also called

5800 K

the spectrum of a solar radiation is close to that of a black body with a temperature of ___

Perihelion

the point at which an orbiting body is closest to the sun

Aphelion

the point in a planet's or other body's orbit when it is farthest from the Sun

January 3

Perihelion Date

July 6

Aphelion Date

Summer Solstice

an astronomical event where one of Earth's poles tilts closest to the sun, causing the longest period of daylight, the shortest night, and the official start of summer

June 21

Summer Solstice Date

Winter Solstice

an astronomical event that brings the shortest day, the longest night of the year, and the official start of winter

December 21

Winter Solstice Date

Equinox

The sun sits directly above the Earth's equator, giving day and night roughly equal lengths all over the world

March 21 and September 23

Equinox Date

Watts/m^2

or

J/s/m^2

unit of measure for Solar Radiation

Solar radiation

Thermal Radiation + electromagnetic radiation

Beam radiation

Direct radiation is also called

Direct radiation

Solar radiation that cannot be absorbed or utilized and reaches the ground directly from the sun

Diffuse radiation

solar radiation received from the sun after its direction is changed by reflection and scattering by atmosphere is called

Total/Global Solar radiation

the sum of direct and diffuse radiation

UV-C

Emitted from the sun totally absorbed by the earth's atmosphere before checking the ground

UV-B

Emitted from the sun, most reaches the ground but not biologically very active, causes sunburn