NSC 308 Chapter 6 Review

Which kind of fatty acid has at least 12 carbon atoms?

long-chain

What are some qualities that a triglyceride possesses?

• They are stable

• They are the body's main storage form of energy

• They are calorie dense

What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?

• Phosphorus-containing molecule

• Glycerol backbone

In which of the following functions do eicosanoids play an important role?

• Regulating ovulation

• Maintaining normal kidney function

• Regulating cell division rates

Which lipoprotein is formed in the intestinal absorptive cell and carries dietary triglycerides that have been re-formed?

chylomicron

One usually refers to lipids simply as ______ and ______.

• oils

• fats

A function of ______ is to serve as the backbone to which three fatty acids, forming a triglyceride molecule.

glycerol

What is a triglyceride?

A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

______ are fatty acids that have been released from the glycerol backbone.

Free fatty acids

Put the following steps regarding the digestion and absorption of triglycerides in order.

1. Large fat droplets enter the small intestine after a meal.

2. Bile and lecithin emulsify fats into smaller particles.

3. Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides.

4. Monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed as micelles and then re-formed into triglycerides.

5. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids enter the bloodstream.

6. Triglycerides combine with cholesterol, protein, and phospholipids to form chylomicrons.

A triglyceride that loses a _______ _______ is called a diglyceride.

fatty acid

______, a type of lipid, are the body's main storage form of energy.

Triglycerides

Phospholipids contain ______ within their molecular structure.

fatty acids

These compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation.

Eicosanoids

Fatty acids that are released from the glycerol backbone are called free fatty acids to emphasize that they _____.

are unattached

A ______ is a triglyceride that loses a fatty acid.

diglyceride

What are some examples of foods with long-chain fatty acids?

• Beef

• Pork

• Lamb

A medium-chain fatty acid is ______ carbons in length.

6 to 10

What are some examples of medium-chain fatty acids?

• Palm kernel oil

• Coconut oil

Short-chain fatty acids are usually less than ______ carbons in length.

6

Fatty acids that have 1 double bond in the carbon chain are called ______ fatty acids.

monounsaturated

Short-chain fatty acids are rapidly digested and transported via the ______ system.

portal

A monounsaturated fatty acid has _______ location(s) in the carbon chain that is not saturated with hydrogen.

one or 1

A polyunsaturated fatty acid has ______ location(s) in the carbon chain that is(are) not saturated with hydrogen.

at least two

The process of _______ adds hydrogen to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats.

hydrogenation

Which naming system for fatty acids indicates where the double bond closest to the methyl end of the fatty acid chain occurs?

omega system

A ______ fatty acid has two or more locations in the carbon chain that are not saturated with hydrogen.

polyunsaturated

Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are Blank______ fatty acids.

essential

Which food would be considered to have the highest fat content?

Whole milk

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

• To insulate and protect the body

• To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins

• To provide energy

What are the different names of fatty acids based on?

• number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton

• position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton

Triglycerides are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

insoluble in water

Subcutaneous fat is located ______.

just beneath the skin

In what organ are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

Small intestine

Which of the following act as emulsifiers?

• egg yolk

• mustard

Sterols are unique among other forms of lipids due to ______.

their multi-ringed structure

_______ is a sterol used by the body to make both sex and adrenal hormones, as well as the active form of vitamin D.

Cholesterol

________ and fatty acids are essential for optimal health because they provide a concentrated source of energy.

Triglycerides

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

• Chicken

• Eggs

• Ice cream

Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated, it provides the same number of ______.

calories

Egg yolks are a good example of a(an) ______ because they allow the fat in various batters and dressings to stay suspended in the other ingredients.

emulsifier

A _______ is a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that helps fat stay suspended in water.

micelle or micelles

Which compound's role is to help transport lipids through the water-based blood and lymphatic systems?

lipoprotein

The liver coats the cholesterol and triglycerides that it collects with a shell of protein and lipids and produces ______.

very-low-density lipoproteins

______ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin.

Cholesterol

A diet rich in ______ can help reduce LDL oxidation and thus decrease the risk of CVD and Metabolic Syndrome.

antioxidants

HDL has a high proportion of ______, which makes it the heaviest (most dense) lipoprotein.

protein

What is the first step associated with the absorption of triglycerides?

Monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine.

What are the three types of lipids?

• Triglycerides

• Sterols

• Phospholipids

What is the structure of a glycerol molecule?

an alcohol containing three carbons

What is a triglyceride?

A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

What is the term for a compound containing a core of lipids with a shell composed of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol?

Lipoprotein

Long chains of carbon atoms take the longest to digest and are transported via the ______ system.

lymphatic

The type of fat that functions primarily to insulate the body is ______.

subcutaneous

Which statements are true about sterols?

• They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

• Cholesterol is a common example.

What is the term for a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that is a product of the emulsification process?

micelle

During the process of hydrogenation, as the amount of added hydrogen increases, the fatty acid becomes ______.

• more solid

• more saturated

Why are alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids considered essential fatty acids?

• because we must eat them from food

• because our bodies are unable to synthesize them

A chylomicron is a lipoprotein that is made up of dietary fats and surrounded by a shell containing which of the following components?

• Cholesterol

• Proteins

• Phospholipids

A triglyceride molecule consists of ______ fatty acid(s) bonded to a glycerol, which serves as a backbone for the fatty acid(s).

three

What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?

• Butter

• Margarine

• Salad oils

• Mayonnaise

What increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and Metabolic Syndrome?

oxidized LDL

What does the abbreviation HDL stand for?

High-density lipoprotein

Those who do not consume enough ______ may be unable to absorb sufficient amounts of fat-soluble vitamins.

triglycerides

The body uses cholesterol to perform which tasks?

• make bile

• make sex hormones

• form cell membranes

A long-chain fatty acid typically has ______ or more carbon atoms.

12