ACTIVITY 4 - THE FUNGI

BIO 14 LAB- 2ND SEM 22'-23'

absorptive heterotrophs

Mode of Nutrition of Fungi

Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes

Extracellular

where does digestion of food take place at for fungi

ranges from yeasts to filamentous molds to complex mushrooms

Range of

size and complexity of fungi

chytridiomycetes

Which phylum does not develop

motile cells

sexual or asexual,

mainly by spores

Mode of reproduction for the Kingdom Fungi

compatible mating strains

Although sexual reproduction occurs in fungi, the terms “male” and “female” are not applicable. Instead they are called

zygote

All fungal nuclei are haploid except

cells with two nuclei

What is dikaryotic

nuclear envelope does not breakdown and reform

How is mitosis in fungi different from others

hyphae

slender filaments in which the fungi body exist as

bubddles/ collection of hypha

mycelium

mycelium is loosely knit

What causes for a fungus to have a

fuzzy appearance

the mycelium consists of tightly packed hyphae

What causes for a mushroom to have a fleshy form or structure

septate and aseptate hyphae

Two types of hypha/ fungal filaments

have cross-walls called septa (sing. septum)

septate hyphae

coenocytic, no cross walls

aseptate hyphae

polysaccharides and chitin, not cellulose as in plants and many protists.

Composition of Cell walls of hyphae

breaking down complex compounds and making elements available for synthetic activities of other organisms

Importance of fungi as decomposers

approximately 600 described species

How many described species are in

DIVISION ZYGOMYCOTA

mostly terrestrial fungi living in decaying plant and animal matter in soil or forest litter

Where does ZYGOMYCOTA live

DIVISION ZYGOMYCOTA

Division wherein these fungi have

coenocytic hyphae and do not form complex fruiting bodies.

DIVISION ZYGOMYCOTA

What division is

Rhizopus stolonifer

Rhizopus stolonifer

the most common zygomycetous fungus of Division Zygomycota

DIVISION ZYGOMYCOTA

What division are

animal traps and fly fungi

mass of thread-like structures growing at right angles to the hyphae.

rhizoids

cases or sporangia at their tips.

bear spherical spore

sporangiophores

produce asexual nonmotile spores

When some of these spores are blown far, they may initiate new distant colonies.

sporangia

fusion of cytoplasm

plasmogamy

nuclei pair and fuse

karyogamy

formed after the karyogamy which becomes inactive for moths

zygosporangium

resistant sporangium, hindi pa siya spore

zygospores

1. finding of compatible mating straining (closing of two hypha)
2. mycelium produces short multinucleate branches growing toward equivalent branches on the other mycelium
3. plasmogamy
4. karyogamy
5. zygosporangium
6. germination -→ meosis
7. zygospores

blown away and germinate into new individuals

Process of LIFE CYCLE OF ZYGOMYCOTA

the sac fungi

The phylum termed as

a large sac-like cell

characterizes the division of ascomycota

ascus

during germination ascus entering meiosis

how are ascospores formed

unicellular, filamentous, and thalloid (not multicellular)

Cell composition of Ascomycota

unicellular members of Division Ascomycota

Yeasts

used in bread making and in the alcoholic fermentation of beverage

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

beneficial and harmful to man

Ascomycetous mold fungi

desirable flavors to certain cheeses, produce high quality citric and other organic acids, and are the source of such antibiotics

Penicillium and Aspergillus

can cause a serious lung disease called aspergillosis.

Aspergillus,

major spoilers of stored food, leather, cloth, painted surfaces, etc
Others are destructive parasites of plants

Molds

1. Yeasts
2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
3. Ascomycetous mold fungi
4. Penicillium and Aspergillus
5. Aspergillus
6. Molds

Examples of Ascomycota

reproductive branch of ascomycota

conidiophore

Asexual nonmotile spores
• produced by the conidiophore

conidia

The fruiting body produced by ascomycetes
• Eg, apothecium

ascocarp.

two to eight ascospores, depending on the species of ascomycete

how many ascospores do ascus contain

apothecium.

What kind os ascocarp does the cookeina fungi posses

fertile layer with in the apothecium wher the asci develops

hymenium,

Interspersed among the asci are sterile filaments

paraphyses

STRUCUTRE OF APOTHECIUM \[INFORMATIVE SLIDE\]

TRY TO IDENTIFY THE PARTS

ascogonium or antheridium

rp Two types of ascocarp

from the subterminal cell (where karyogamy occurs, thus, forming the zygote) of each hypha in the hymenium.

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see attached image for visualization

how are asci formed

DIVISION Basidiomycota

from what division are the following:

bird’s nest fungi.

mushrooms,

tooth fungi, coral fungi

basidiocarp

macroscopic fruiting bodies of DIVISION Basidiomycota

club-shaped basidia

What is the shape of the spores produced by the

basidiocarp

saprophytically

Mode of nutrition of Basidiomycota

DIVISION Basidiomycota

major wood decay organisms

DIVISION Basidiomycota

what division form

mycorrhizal relationships with the roots of trees

ascogonium which is the female strain

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see imagae as reference

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antheridium is male counter strain

between the ascogium and antheridium, which gives rise to a new hyphae

cap-like structure of Basidiomycota

pileus

membranous sheets under the cap

gills

stalk supporting the pileus

stipe

form in each basidium
• Four tiny projections
• one haploid nucleus is squeezed out through each sterigma. This results to externally located spores called basidiospores

sterigmata

symbiotic relationship between a fungus (mycobiont) and an alga (phycobiont).

Lichens

soredia

dispersal unit of lichens is called

clump of a few algal cells closely enveloped by fungal hyphae.

soredia

either an ascomycete or a basidiomycete

mycobiont is either what divisions

any of the various types of free-living algae

phycobiont are what kind of algae

lichen growth type

intimate contact with the substrate making the lichen hard to separate from it

crustose

lichen growth type

leafy with a distinct lower cortex and rhizinal attachment to the substrate

foliose

lichen growth type

hair-like, shrubby, finger-like, or strap-shaped

fruticose

COOKEINA APOTHERA

penicillium

Ascomycota

what specimen and what division

Aspergillus

Asco

what specimen and what division

Rhizopous Zygospore

zygomycota