Imperalism

AP world

Causes of Imperalism of Europeans into Africa

• spread of western culture

• spread of christianity

• information provided by adventures and missionaires

• competition to gain colonies

• new resources

• abolist slave trade

• drug quinine to avoid infections from malaria

• size

• surface features

• stragatic importance

• expand markets to sell goods

• expand businesses

• trade expansion

• gold, ivory, palm oil

• expand industrial revolution

Advantages and Disadvantages

• European’s technological advantages like maxim machine guns, steam engines, railroads, cables, and steamships

• Africa is disunified and surrounded by water- not as technological advanced

• military bases

• ethnicentrism

• white man’s burden

• transnational companies

• worships

Effects of Imperalism of Europeans into Africa

• Famines in change in cash crops

• breakdown of traditions and traditional authorities replaced

• Companies exploiting Africans

• strong sense of national pride among European nations; nationalism

• spheres of influence

• Berlin Conference

• Social Darwinism (could be cause)

• otto Von Bismark organizing conference of 14 nations to discuss Africa’s political partioning- no African ruler involved

• identity problems in Africa

• men forced to leave home to find work

• homes and properties transferreed

• AFricans goods valued, economic expansion after freedom

• loss of millions of people, decline of nations

• lost land, independence, and gained divisions

• only benefitted European businesses

• boundaries created dproblems

Some positives

• Lifespand and literacy rates improved

• reduced local warfare

• aided railroads, dams, telephone lines

• Humanitarian efforts

How did Africans respond to European Imperialism? (Answer in 4-5 sentences).

Africans resisted European imperialism through various methods, including armed conflict against colonizing forces like guerilla warefare tactics, destorying their resources, using/boosting their military power and stragety, sense of nationalism, and spark to protect their nation; while some African kingdoms like Ethiopia successfully resisted colonization, most were ultimately overpowered by European military technology, leading to widespread subjugation across the continent. 

Key points:

• Direct resistance:

  Many African communities fought armed battles against European colonizers, like the Zulu Kingdom in South Africa against the British. 

• Passive resistance:

  Africans often resisted through non-violent means such as refusing to pay taxes or labor, disrupting colonial economic systems. 

• Political maneuvering:

  Some African leaders attempted to negotiate with European powers or form alliances to maintain some degree of autonomy. 

• Cultural preservation:

  Despite colonial rule, Africans actively maintained their traditions and identities

For example, Shona destroyed British tents and resources to resist authority, in addition, Ashanti used nationalism within her nation to fuel the empire to resist imposition to British rule. Some African kingdoms like Ethiopia successfully resisted colonization, but most were ultimately overpowered by European military technology. Many African communities fought armed battles against European colonizers, like the Zulu Kingdom in South Africa against the British. 

Causes of Colonization

Robert Clive and the East India Company

Battle of Plassey and allied with France

economic interests and desires

Industrial Revolution (Britian major workshop and India being its major supplier)

Indian’s potential “biggest jewel in the crown”

Effects of colonization

East India company rulling over India

Huge Britian control- restrictions on Inidans exports and imports, and indian competition with british goods prohibited

establishment of railroad networds leading to unity, 3rd largest, and modernized economy (including more dams, bridges, road systems, etc.)

loss of self-sufficiency

saniatation an dpublic helath improved

schools, colleges and literacy increased

ended local warfare and bandits

Effects of coloinzation that led to the British Raj

Indian’s loss of economic and political power; major restrictions

constant racism and threaten of India’s traditional life- tried to convert to christanity

Famines in late 1800s

leading too…

India trying to fight back having sepoys but India could not unite because of the different religions including Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims

Sepy Mutiny

Cartiges greasted with beef and pork

British Raj Effects

New government system including a cabinet minister, british governer general and vicerary

Indian states free and indepedent and britian must respect treaties

mutinty led to distruts of british and indians and racist attitudes fueled

Nationalism rose especially wiht Mohun Roy; highly educated and modernized thinking

Muslim league and Indian National Congress

Muslim and Hindu new section and continuation of power over land strugges

Sepoy

an Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders.

Sepoy Mutinty

The Sepoy Mutiny, also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857, was a violent uprising against British rule in India that began in 1857 and lasted until 1859: 

• Causes

  The mutiny began when Indian soldiers, or sepoys, in the British East India Company's Bengal army revolted. Some say the revolt was caused by religious strife, while others say it was due to the growing intrusion of Western culture

Viceroy

a governor who rules a country or province on behalf of a king, queen, or government.

Causes of coloniazation towards India

Robert Clive with the East India Company- indirect rule over India and wanted trade relations- little British interference and they were able to develope their military

Battle of Plassey- allied with the French

Economic interest towards India, biggest potential and considered the “biggest jewel in the crown”

Industrial Revolution, Britian workshop and India being its biggest supplier

Effects of colonization in India

Indian competition with Britain prohibited- Britain passed laws to avoid India to oversucceed them

Establishment of railroad networks, dams, bridges, road systems, telegraph lines; unity and modernized Indian economy

loss of self-sufficency

santation, public health imrpoved

schools colleges founded and increased litearcy, taught India english

ended local warfare and bandits

effects of colonization of india leading to the British Raj

India’s loss of economic and political power- denied self-governance

increase of nationalism

economic and political exploitation

no representation

famines in the late 1800s- no cash crops

threatened Indian life and tried to convert them to Christanity, cartiges greaes with beef and pork enraging Hindus and Muslims

RUMOR

Events during the British Raj

India could not unite due to the different relgions, some rather have british rule like Siks, Hindus, and princes and majarajas- feared the mughal empire

there were sepoys and the sepy mutiny and capturing of Delhi

Cartiges greased

Effects of the British Raj

Poltical includes disastifaction, little representation, new legal systems, direct rule and decline of BEIC, denied slef-governance and high-ranked positions for Indians, and Indians weren’t taught how to self-govern.

Social is building of western schools, famine, slavery, poverty, abolished Sati and “civilizing mission”, destorye Inian coluture, advanced infrastructure, benefits Europeans

Economic is draining economy, economic exploiation, mass unemployment, taxes for projects, exportes of silk, tea, and indiogo, destoryed textile industry, dependence, taxes on farmers, reducded agricultural economc; agricultural production increased, mercantilism, and only trade and buy British goods.

What did the impacts on the British Raj lead to?

RESENTMENT

Indian treated as second class citizens, failed economy, loss of culture, religious tensions, leading to nationalism and the INC and Muslim league

INDEPENDENCE in 1947

Causes of China become a sphere of influence

• China had natural barriers like the Gobi desert but not up north leading to the silk road and great wall of china

• China had jade, tea, silk, spices, procelian, etc. that European nations demanded for

• China imposed isolationist policies of trade leading them to be self-sufficient

Events:

First China was ruled my the Mongols and went through a period of peace: Pax Mongolia, then the Ming dynasty took over leading to the Zheng He explorations. Then there was the Middle Kingdom but there was manchu invasions leading to the Qing dynasty.

The British hated the Qing trade policies and wanted more access to trade and their ports, so this led to the opium and opium wars. Due to Confucanism in China and British Industrial prowress, it was an easy win for the British leading to the Nanjng treaty to open China’s ports for the British, including taking Hong Kong.

Opium and Opium wars

European nations traded Opium with China leading the Chinese to become highly addicted and panic in China leading to the opium war.

-Cause: British didn’t like the trade policies

-Effects: Treaty of Nanjng

Nanjng treaty

The Treaty of Nanjing was a peace treaty signed on August 29, 1842, that ended the First Opium War between China and Great Britain: 

• Terms

  China was forced to open five ports to British trade and residence, including Hong Kong, in addition to Guangzhou (Canton). China also agreed to pay the British an indemnity for the opium destroyed by the government, and to place a low tariff on British goods. 

• Significance

  The treaty is considered the first of the "unequal treaties" that forced China into imperial international law. It also ended centuries of China developing in relative isolation from the West. 

Effects of China becoming a sphere of influence

• They had significant influence over culture, military of economic parts of a weaker economy

• Many nations wanted exclusive trading rights with China

• China had leases for all raidlways and commerical priviliges in many areas

• 6 spheres of influence

• Open door policy: all nations had access to Chinese Ports

The open door policy lead to WWII and Boxer Rebellion

“The Righteous and Harnoious fists” “Boxers”

-this led to China to lose power over their country and nationalist established the China Republic, the first ruler being Sun.

Nationalist parties: Kunamintangy

Self Strengthening Movement

refers to a period in late 19th century China where the Qing Dynasty attempted to modernize its military and economy by adopting Western technology and practices, in response to the military defeats suffered during the Opium Wars, aiming to "strengthen China by learning from the barbarians" while still preserving traditional Confucian values; however, this movement was largely unsuccessful due to internal political resistance and a lack of comprehensive reform. 

Key points about the Self-Strengthening Movement:

• Leaders:

  Prominent figures included Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, and Zuo Zongtang, who were influential provincial officials. 

• Limitations:

  Despite some successes in establishing arsenals and shipyards, the movement was largely restricted to military modernization and did not address broader social or political reforms, leading to its ultimate failure. 

100 Days Reform

In 1898, in Chinese history, it was an attempt to renovate the Chinese state and social system which occured after Chinese defeat of the Sino Japanese war and ensuing rush for censsions in China on the part of Western Imperalist powers.

After the war China urged reform on the Western model (civil service exams, legal structures, etc.), it was first rejected but then the slow process of healing after the way led the government to take the reform into depe consideration, as a result the reform was successful.

In the end, the emperor issued more than 40 edicts and the old civil service exxamnination system based on Chinese Classics was abolished. Including new schooles and colleges, western industry, medicine, science, commerce, and patent systems adopted and promoted, and the law code was reformed, including the military and corruption was attacked.

Taiping Rebellion

refers to a large-scale civil war in mid-19th century China, where peasants led by Hong Xiuquan rebelled against the Qing Dynasty, attempting to establish a new Christian-based kingdom called the "Heavenly Kingdom of Peace" through radical social reforms, ultimately failing after a devastating and bloody conflict that lasted from 1850 to 1864; this rebellion is considered a significant event reflecting the social and political turmoil in China during the time, largely due to the Qing Dynasty's weakening and the influence of Western ideas like Christianity. 

Key points about the Taiping Rebellion:

• Motivations: Religious beliefs mixed with social and economic grievances. It also was caused by unrest and the government neglecting public works to help relieve the misery

• Impact: Massive death toll, further weakening the Qing Dynasty, and contributing to instability in China

• Reforms: abolish slavery, arranged marriage, opium smoking, footbind, judical torture, etc.

Boxer Rebellion (big one)

Refers to a violent uprising in China between 1899 and 1901, where a Chinese secret society called the "Boxers" launched attacks against foreign powers and Christian missionaries, aiming to drive all foreigners out of the country, fueled by resentment against growing Western influence and imperialism in China during the Qing Dynasty's decline; the rebellion was ultimately crushed by a military coalition, weakening the Qing dynasty and led to its eventual downfall. 

Key points about the Boxer Rebellion:

• Motivations:

  A group practicing martial arts were motivated by anti-foreign sentiment, particularly against Christian missionaries and the economic concessions China had made to Western powers. 

• Targets:

  Foreign legations, Christian churches, and Chinese converts to Christianity

• International Response:

  A coalition of Western powers, including Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States, sent troops to China to end the rebellion. 

• Aftermath:

  The Boxer Protocol, signed after the rebellion was suppressed, forced China to pay large reparations to the foreign powers and allowed for the stationing of foreign troops in China. 

• Symbol of Chinese Nationalism:

  Represented a desperate attempt by the Chinese to resist foreign domination and preserve their traditional culture. 

• Weakening of the Qing Dynasty:

  Further destabilized the Qing dynasty 

• Escalating Imperialism:

  Highlighted the growing tensions between Western powers and China, demonstrating the aggressive nature of late 19th-century imperialism

What did the opium war result in?

led for western nations to have more influence and control of China which led to the Qing decline because they couldn’t resist the Western powers.

Foreign nations putting their factories, gardens, schools, etc.

Opium trade (triangular trade)

British (BEIC) making India export opium into China and use those profits to pay for their tea

balence the imbalence trade between China and British.

China sphere of influence

Refers to where China exerts significant political, economic, and cultural influence, essentially acting as the dominant power within that area, often without directly controlling the territory, but shaping its policies and decisions to align with China's interests; historically, this concept was most prominent during the late 19th century when foreign powers divided China into various spheres of influence, granting them special privileges within those regions. 

Key points about China's sphere of influence:

• Not direct control:

  While a sphere of influence implies significant influence, it does not necessarily mean outright political control over the region. 

• Economic leverage:

  China often uses economic investments and trade relationships to foster influence within its sphere. 

• Geopolitical strategy:

  Establishing a sphere of influence is a way for China to secure strategic advantages and protect its interests in a particular region. 

Open door policy

From the US, to have all nations have equal trade with China