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Psychology
The science of behavior and mental process
- Philosophy + Physiology = Psychology, a hybrid science
Wilhelm Wundt
Founder of Psychology
Edward Bradford Titchener
- Built first psychology school, Structuralism
- isolate the mind from the rest
William James
- Built second school of psychology, Functionalism
- divide/separate the mind into different sections
Structuralism
Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
Functionalism
Early school of thought, promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
Introspection
A technique used in structuralism in which it involves looking inwards and reporting the contents of one's immediate state of consciousness
B.F. Skinner
A leading behaviorist that rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior
- redefined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior
Sigmund Freud
Controversial ideas influenced humanity's self-understanding
- Founder of psychoanalysis
- redefined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior
Freudian psychology
A theory that attributes thoughts and behaviors to unconscious drives and conflicts
- emphasize the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior
Behaviorists
The view of psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers (1960s)
- Emphasized the growth of potential of healthy people
- developed theories and treatments
- found Freudian psychology and behaviorism limiting
Humanistic Psychology
Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth of potential healthy people
-attention to ways that current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential
- the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied
Cognitive psychology
Scientifically explores how we perceive, process, and remember information
Behavior
Anything an organism does (ex. breathing, blinking, learning, lying)
Mental Processes
Internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior
- sensations, perception, dreams, thoughts, beliefs and feelings
Nature vs. Nurture Issue
The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behavior.
Natural Selection
The principal that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Biopsychosocial approach
An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological and social-cultural levels of analysis
Neurobiological Approach
Behavior is the result of physical, chemical or biological abnormalities
Evolutionary
How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytical
Behavior is the result of unconscious thoughts and conflicts
Behavioral
Behavior is the result of learning and associations made by experiences
Cognitive
Behavior is the result of storing, processing and retrieving information
Social-cultural
Behavior is the result of how thinking varies across situations and behavior
Basic research
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
- Not trying to answer questions
Biological psychologist
Exploring the links between brain and mind
Cognitive psychologist
Experimenting with how we perceive, think, and solve problems
Social psychologist
Exploring how we view and affect one another
Development psychologist
Studying our changing abilities from womb to tomb (death)
Personality psychologist
Investigating our persistent traits
Psychiatric
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
- medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs
Positive psychology
The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
Intuition and Common Sense
• Hindsight bias • judgmental overconfidence
• tendency to perceive patterns in random events
Show that one cannot rely solely on intuition and common sense
Hindsight Bias
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would had foreseen it . (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)
Overconfidence
The tendency to think one knows more than one does
- be more confidence than correct
Perceiving Order in Random Events
Natural eagerness to make sense of the world, one perceive patterns
Critical Thinking
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusion. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden value, evaluates evidence, and assess conclusion
Theory
A general framework that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events (both physiological and psychological)
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Replication
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
Case Study
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
- Does not explain behavior
Naturalistic observations
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
- Does not explain behavior
Survey
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of group
Population
All those in a group being studied, from which samples are drawn
Random sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Correlation
A measure the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
Negative correlation
As one thing increases, the other decreases (inverse)
Positive correlation
Both things either decrease or increase together (direct)
Experiment
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behaviors or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experiment aims to control other relevant factors
Experimental group
In an experiment, the group is exposed to the the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
- Cause and effect between variables
Control group
In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
Double-blind procedure
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies
Placebo effect
Experimental results caused by administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent
Independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
Dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulation of the independent variable
Culture
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
