Feeds and Feeding Exam 1

What are 3 ways corn (not silage or earlage) could be harvested?

air-dry, high moisture, whole ear

Which 2 whole grains would be considered good sources (25% or more crude protein) of protein?

whole soybeans, field peas

range the following from high to low energy?

Corn, sorghum, oats, barley

corn, sorghum, barley, oats

which of the following grains would have the most fiber?

corn, sorghum, oats, barley

oats

which of the following grains should be processed for maximum digestibility?

corn, sorghum, oats, barley

sorghum

what is the difference between natural protein and non-protein nitrogen

natural = ‘true’ protein

npn = provides nitrogen to functional ruminants to be made into amino acids

what 2 feeds would be examples of non-protein nitrogen

urea, biuret

what is the gold standard oilseed meal used in livestock diets

soybean meal

what is the compound contained in cottonseed meal that can be problematic for males

gossypol

which oilseed meal can help make hair coats glossier

linseed meal

what is the compound that helps make hair coats glossier

mucin

what are examples of animal-based protein sources

meat and bone meal, blood meal, fish meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, milk products

which animal protein can transfer odors and flavors to the meat products of the animals that were fed

fish meal

what co products are produced from the dry corn milling industry

CO2, ethanol, distilles grains, de-oiled DDGS, corn germ, corn bran, high-protein DDGS

what co products are produced from the wet corn milling industry

CO2, corn starch, sweetener, corn oil, ethanol, corn gluten feed, corn gluten mealli

what are condensed distillers solubles

SYRUP - liquid product, ~35% DM, requires tanks and pumps, can be stored with other feeds in silage bag or bunker silo

what are the types of distillers grains (or distillers grains with solubles)

wet w/wo solubles, dry w/wo solubles, modified

what is the difference between the types of distillers grain

wet = ~30% DM, dry = ~90% DM, modified = ~50% DM

what are the 3 nutritional concerns associated with feeding distillers co-products to animals

high sulfuer, low Ca + high P, mycotoxins, unsaturated fatssulfer

what are the 2 primary limitations to the amount of distillers grains that can be included in ruminant diets

fat and sulfur

what are the options to store wet distillers grains for extended periods of time

piled on ground, silage bag, mixed with other feeds in silage bag or bunker silo, added preservatives

what handling challenges are assocaited with condensed distillers solubles

settling and freezing

what is the difference between corn gluten feed and corn gluten meal

Meal = 3x as much protein

wheat middlings, soybean hulls, and beet products must be fed to which species? why?

ruminants - contain all fiber

what is the difference between beet pulp and beet tailings?

pulp - wet or dry, safe

tailings - wet, choking risk

what is glycerol

co-product from biodiesel production, liquid, 84% DM, high methanol levels

what are the reasons we process feed

increase efficiency of handling, greater nutrient utilization, increase palatbility, alter density, increase animal performance

what are the problems that can arise from grinding feed too fine

subject to wind loss, ball up in animal’s digestive system, reduced palatability, not fed well in self-feeder, faster rate of passage in digestive tract = digestive disturbances

what is the difference between grinding and rolling feeds

grinding = hammer mill, fine grinding

rolling = roller mill, coarse grinding

what are the advantages of pelleting feeds

reduce dust, fines, sorting, storage space. increase palatability, adaptable to bulk and mechanized feeding, partial gelatinization of starch

what are the disadvantages of pelleting feeds

cost, pellet quality not always ideal, added transportation if mill not local, improper pelleting may result in spoilage, requires finer grinding, high-fat feeds or diets are difficult to pellet

what are the methods of processing feeds with heat and(or) steam?

steam flaking, steam rolling, roasting, extruding

what is the advantage of each method of using heat and(or) steam to process feeds

Steam Flaking - gelatinizes starch granules are more available
Steam rolling- less starch alteration than steam flaking, does not improve feeed value over dry milling
Roasting - partially gelatinized, but degrades many anto-nutritional factors
Extruding- start is partially gelatinized, produces ribbon like product that breaks into flakes
All increase palatability, animal performance, alter diet.

what is the proper moisture level for harvesting high-moisture grain

25-30%

what is the benefit of feeding high-moisture grain to ruminants

increase feed efficiency

what is the benefit of feeding high-moisture grain to non-ruminants

can be fed in complete mixed diet with no effect on animal performance

how do each of the following factors change as forages mature

stem:leaf ratio

fiber content

lignin content

digestibility

forage intake

% CP

vitamins and minerals

increase-

stem:leaf ratio, fiber, lignin

decrease-

digestibility, forage intake, %CP, vitamins and minerals

what are examples of legume forages

alfalfa, red clover, white clover, sweet clover, birdsdfoot trefoil

what are the 2 primary risks to the animal associated with grazing or feeding alfalfa

bloat, not tolerant of continuous grazing

what is the compound contained in sweet clover that can be problematic? when is it a problem? why is it a problem?

Coumarin when it is converted to dicoumarol by mold can decrease palatability

what are examples of warm season grasses

big bluesteam, little bluestem, indiangrass, switchgrass, side-oats grama

what are examples of native cool season grasses

western wheatgrass, green needlegrass

what are examples of introduced cool season grasses

smooth bromegrass, kentucky bluegrass, orchardgrass, timothy, tall fescue

what are examples of annual forages

sorghums, millet, small grains, turnips, tadishes

what are the risks to the animal associated with grazing sorgum, sorghum/sudan, or sudangrass? when are they problematic? what can be done to reduce the risk of each?

Bloat - lush forages - introduce slowly, strip graze bloat block, and ensures mixes contain at least 25% grasses
Grass tetany - lush forages high in potassium and low in magnesium - reduced by supplement Mg, delay grazing until forage is 6" tall limit grazing time to 2-3 hours per day, and delay nitrogen fertilization until after spring grazing
Prussic acid poisoning - drought and light frost - reduce the risk by after killing frost, letting plants dry out and harvest as hay or silage reduces the risk

Nitrate toxicity - lead to asphyxiation and can cause abortions if too much in forages - adapt to nitrates over time and delay grazing for 3-4 days after a rain

what are the risks to the animal associated with grazing millet?

can accumulate nitrates

what is the general rule of thumb for how many acres of corn stalks it takes to support 1 cow for a month

1 acre per cow per month

when is the optimum time (stage) to harvest hay

early bloom

ideally, hay should be “cured” to what moisture

15% or more

why should hay be raked prior to being completely dry

reduces leaf shatter

what are the common types of bales produced

squares (large, medium, small) and round

what are the common losses associated with making and storing hay

shattering leaves, heat damage, fermentation or plant cell respiration, bleaching, leaching

what are recommended storage practices to minimize hay loss

inside is best, minimize direct contact with soil, well drained area, run rows of bales north to south, flat end of bales together

what is the best type of hay feeder to use to minimize waste

Cone

what are different ways to store silage

upright silo, horizontal silo, bag, pile

what are advantages of harvesting silage

more harvested TDN per acre, harvesting, storing and feed mechanized, high quality palatable feed, little waste, earlier harvest

what are disadvantages of harvesting silage

committed to feeding to livestock, DM intake generally lower, equipment cost, water hauling

describe what happens to silage from the time it is cut and put in the silo until it is fed

plants continue to respire, temperature increase, fermentation, decreased pH stops fermentation

what are the 2 primary acids produced in properly harvested silage? which is the first produced? which is the most prevalent once ensiling has been completed

acetic - first produced

lactic - most prevalent

what is the difference between silage and haylage

silage = 40-60% moisture

haylage = 60-75% moisture

what are the keys to making good silage? why is each important

Proper moisture- too wet can lead to sour, butric acid produced, and excess seepage, too dry can lead to imporper fermentation and heat production
Stage of maturity- leads to proper moisture and Max TDN
Packing -lessen oxygen exposure
Drainage-lose porper amount of moisture
Exclude air- allows for better fermentation

how long should silage be allowed to ferment prior to feeding

3 weeks

how should silage be removed from a pile or bunker silo

scrape from top of pile on face

what are some risks to humans when dealing with silage

nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide

wait 2-3 weeks after filling, run blower prior and during entry, wear gas monitor, don’t work alone, don’t stack above equipment