Connective Tissue and Joints

bone

a rigid, living tissue

function: provides the framework/structure for the body

cartilage

an elastic tissue that surrounds the ends of bones

function: reduces friction, shock and builds structure

ligaments

connects bone to bone

function: helps keeps bones in alignment

tendons

connects muscle to bone

function: muscles contract, tendon can pull the bone it is attached to, to create movement

fascia

tissue located in between and surrounding other tissues of body

function: can be viewed as a covering

long bone

• long cylindrical mid section (diaphysis) with big ends

• involved in large movements

• ex: humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals/tarsals, phalanges

short bone

• small and cube shaped

• articulated with multiple bones with small movements

• ex: carpals, tarsals

flat bone

curved surfaces

• form protective structure to protect organs

• provides muscle attatchment

• ex: scaupla, ribs, sternum, cranium

irregular bone

• does not fit any classifications

• often has specified

• ex: vetebrae, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx

sesamoid

• short bones that are in tendons

• where large amounts of pressure are

• ex: patella

fibrous joints

• no movement

• very stable

• location: skull, pelvic girdle

cartilagenous joints

• slight movement

• less stable

• location: veterbrae, ribs, pubic bones

synovial joints

• large amounts of movement

• mostly unstable

• knee, shoulder, elbow, finger joints

pivot joint (synovial)

• one bone forms a ring in which the other one rotates in a single plane

• ex: neck, arm

pivot joint plane/axis

plane: transverse plane

axis: longitudinal axis

hinge joint (synovial)

one bone moves back and forth along one plane like a door

ex: elbow, knee, finger joints

hinge joint plane/axis

plane: sagittal plane

axis: frontal axis

saddle joint (synovial)

the bones are shaped like a saddle allowing to undergo flexion/extension , adduction/ adduction, circumduction

• ex: chest, ear, thumb

saddle joint plane/axis

biaxial: frontal and sagittal plane/axis

ball and socket (synovial)

one or seven bones forms a cavity in which another bone fits allowing a triaxial movement

ex: hip, shoulder, humerus, clavicles, scapula

ball and socket planes/axis

triaxial: sagittal, frontal, longitudinal

condyloid joint (synovial)

a bone with a convex (circular) surface allowing the joint to undergo flexion/extension, ab/adduction, circumduction

ex: wrist, knuckles, radius, carpals, metacarpals, proximal phalanges

gliding (axis)

the bones have slight curves and one flat allowing the bones to slide along two planes

ex: joints between tarsals, and carpals

articular cartilage

surrounds the epiphysis of both bones

function: reduces friction and absorbs shock

articular capsule

encompassing both bones a membrane

function: helps keep bones aligned

synovial membrane

inside the articular capsule

function: forms a cavity

synovial fluid

membrane forms a cavity where this fluid is located

function: reduces friction between the bones

ligaments (not bone to bone)

strong connective tissues

function: helps keep bones in proper alignment

menisi (meniscus)

small discs of cartilage found between bones

function: increased stability, reduces friction, absorbs shock, ensures proper alignment w/ tibia and femur

bursae

small fluid filled sacs found where two structures rub against eachother

function: provides lubrication and reduces friction