Child Development Exam 1

Development

continuity and change that happens over time (in people, children)

5 age periods

Prenatal, infancy & toddlerhood(0-3), early childhood(3-6), middle childhood(6-11), adolescence(11-20)

3 aspects of development for each age group

physical, cognitive, psychosocial

Heredity

nature; in born traits we inherit from our parents, genetics

Environment

nurture; persons situational experiences

Maturation

unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes, natural order children follow aka biological sequence

Nuclear family

two generational kinship, parents and children

extended family

multigenerational network

culture

customs, traditions, values of a society

ethnic group

(race and ethnic gloss) people who are tied by a culture in ancestry or religion

NOT race- race is complicated and hard to define

ethnic gloss

assume everyone in ethnic group is the same

socioeconomic status (SES)

strongly related to income but tied into education and occupation

Normative events

experienced the same by most people in the group

Normative age-graded influences

tied to age(kids of the same age group) ex. puberty, baby teeth falling out

normative history-graded influences

tied to specific historical point ex. people who all experienced the great depression and are older

nonnormative events

unusual experience that has a major impact on a childs development

Critical period vs. sensitive period

critical- specific time when a certain event has its greates impact; physiological aka it needs to happen or it will never happen

sensitive- ideal time for things to happen but can still happen if it does not; not physiological

ex. Genie

Nature vs. Nutrue

influence of heredity vs environement, scientists agree both play a role

active vs. passive

both are at play in development. childrens influence on their own development vs the influence of their environment (like a sponge)

continuity vs. discontinuity

both are at play,

continutiy emphasizes development as a gradual contiunual process (quantitative)

discontinuity is dramatic radical changes(qualitative)

all domains are interrelated

consensus by scientists; physical, cognitive, psychosocial

wide range of developmental differences

motor physical milestones there is a lot of variability

children shape…

their own development

ex. difficult temporment babies vs easy temporment babies

Historical and cultural contexts

where/how a baby is raised varies

early experience is important

early experiences (age 0-3) are critical but kids are resilient and have more flexible brains

Psychosexual theory (Freud)

Id (devil basic insticts; sex and aggression)

Ego (decision maker focuses on reality but not necessarily moral)

Superego (moral conscience, be a good person)

Oral Stage

First of Freuds psychosexual stages; birth to 12 mo, all pleasure comes from the mouth and fixation would be smoking, being sassy

Psychosexual stages

libido (free floating sexual energy) and fixation (the libido moves around during development) different stages; oral anal phallic latency genital

anal stage

Freuds psychosexual stages 12-18 mo; toilet training and gratification from bowel or bladder training; fixation really messy or really neat

phallic stage

Freud psychosexual stages 3-6 years; symbolism of genitals, boys wanna have sex w mom but realizes he cant and is besties w dad, girls jealous theyre not dudes and wanna w dad and cant so become like mom

latency stage

Freud psychosexual stages 6-12 years

genital stage

Freuds psychosexual stages adolesence; mature sexual expression

psychosocial theory

Erikson; critical stages for social relationships (but you can learn it later too)

behaviorism

study specific associations regarding learning

Classical conditioning

type of behaviorism; pavlov how we learn to make connections between things in environment (associate two events in environment) child as passive learner

operant conditioning

child as passive learner, respondign to environment ex. jason smiles on accident, gets picked up, smiles on purpose to get picked up

social learning theory

kid as active learner; reciprocal determinism and observational learning

reciprocal determinism

social learning theory; cause of learning is bidirectional, environment and child both impact each other

observational learning

social learning theory; learning by observing and imitating in a social context

cognitive stage theory

Piaget; kids as active learners: schemes (concept, form these) and adaptations (how we handle information and fit it into schemes)

assimilation

cog stage theory; interpret info and fit it into what you already know

accomodation

cog stage theory; change cognitive structure to include new info

equilibration

balance between accomodation and assimilation

information processing approach

break down mind into component parts, research style

contexual perspective

impact of social context on kids development

bioecological theory

all environments affect child

microsystem

bioecological theory; day to day environment aka home and school for kid

mesosystem

bioecological theory; link between microsystems

exosystem

bioecological theory; linking of 2 or more systems at least 1 of which does not directly impact child (ex. parent having bad day at work and in bad mood at home)

macrosystem

bioecological theory; big overarching influences (culture, education, famine)

Sociocultural theory

how children interact w environment to shape cognitive development (zone of proximal development and scaffolding)

zone of proximal development

Sociocultural theory; level at which child can almost master a task on their own (need new learning to occur)

scaffolding

Sociocultural theory; temporary support given by teachers and parents while child is mastering a task

evolutionary/sociobiological perspective

evolutionary basis of behaviors, humans born with innate behaviors, eating (sucking, swallowing), hearing a baby cry and thinking its a terrible noise so picking up baby

fertilization

conception, ovum and sperm form single cell

zygote

the one cell created by fertilization

dizygotic twins

two zygotes, fraternal

monozygotic twins

one zygote, identical

ART

Assisted Reproductive Technology

Infertility

Inability to concieve for 12 months, affects 15% of couples worldwide

Causes of infertility

age(fertility declines in late 20s for women and later for men (only 1/3 of issues are men))

increasing rates of STIs like gonorrhea

ART Techniques are…

expensive, not usually covered by insurance and only work 24% of the time

artificial insemination

injection of sperm (husbands or donors) into cervix

In Vitro Fertilization

fertilization outside the womens body, adverage cost $72000, top method used

Ovum transfer

eggs donated by another woman and fertilized through IVF, donors paid more

Surrogate motherhood

woman gets pregnant through IVF or artif. insemination, usually for women struggling w miscarraiges

adoption

usually done thorugh attorney hard to do domestically

chromosomes

coils of DNA that carry different genes each cell has 23 pairs

gametes

sperm and egg, each has 23 individual chromosomes

genes

Specific codes for traits on specific chromosomes

DNA

enable formation and function of cells

sex chromosomes are not ______

binary, there are weird variations that can happen

sex hormones

SRY genes cause release of testosterone at 6-8 weeks for males, Wnt-4 for female characteristics

Alleles

pair of genes that determine a trait

homozygous

both alleles the same

heterozygous

get both but dominant shows

genotype

the genes and their form (pattern of alleles)

phenotype

trait and how it shows

sex-linked inheritance

inherited differently between men and women

incomplete dominance

blood type

polygenic inheritance

interaction of a number of genes to produce a complex trait ex. skin color

multifactorial transmission

interaction between genes and environment to produce a factor (nature/nuture)

epigenesis

mechanism that controls functioning of the genes by turning them on and off without affecting their DNA structure; explains why identical twins are different

genetic and chromosomal abnormalities usually happen

during formation of egg and sperm

down syndrome

trisomy 21; 3 chromosomes on 21 pair

genetic counseling

help parents figure out chances of having a kid with particular disorders

heritability

statistical estimate of the contribution of heredity to individual differences on a specific trait within a given population, not between population

reaction range

potential variability of a trait genetics/heredity limit range of a trait but where a person develops in that range depends on environment

canalization

describe a trait that has very strong genetic component to the point where environment doesnt matter very much

siblings

share 50% of genetic material; theres enough differences that kids grow up in different environments

family studies

look at a trait across family relationship and resemblances to see if theres a pattern

adoption studies

child whos adopted (genetically unrelated) and relation to adoptive parents vs. biological

twin studies

show nature vs. nuture

cephalocaudal principle

development of embryo from head to tail

proximodistal principle

development starts at center and works its way outward

germinal stage

prenatal stages; conception until 2 weeks, by 2 weeks it will have formed

embryonic stage

prenatal stages; 2-8 weeks all major organs, body system will develop- embryo is very vulnerable to environment most birth defects here

fetal stage

8-40 weeks; finishing touches, growth, fetus is very active, hearing develops

fetal hearing

respond to sound and vibration, prefer what they are familiar with, cna distinguish between mothers voice, fathers voice and find them soothing

fetal “learning”

can recognize rhythm and sounds of certain books, songs and the rhythm of languages