Child Development Exam 1

Development

continuity and change that happens over time (in people, children)

5 age periods

Prenatal, infancy & toddlerhood(0-3), early childhood(3-6), middle childhood(6-11), adolescence(11-20)

3 aspects of development for each age group

physical, cognitive, psychosocial

Heredity

nature; in born traits we inherit from our parents, genetics

Environment

nurture; persons situational experiences

Maturation

unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes, natural order children follow aka biological sequence

Nuclear family

two generational kinship, parents and children

extended family

multigenerational network

culture

custons, traditions, values of a society

ethnic group

(race and ethnic gloss) people who are tied by a culture in ancestry or religion

NOT race- race is complicated and hard to define

ethnic gloss

assume everyone in ethnic group is the same

socioeconomic status (SES)

strongly related to income but tied into education and occupation

Normative events

experienced the same by most people in the group

Normative age-graded influences

tied to age(kids of the same age group) ex. puberty, baby teeth falling out

normative history-graded influences

tied to specific historical point ex. people who all experienced the great depression and are older

nonnormative events

unusual experience that has a major impact on a childs development

Critical period vs. sensitive period

critical- specific time when a certain event has its greates impact; physiological aka it needs to happen or it will never happen

sensitive- ideal time for things to happen but can still happen if it does not; not physiological

ex. Genie

Nature vs. Nutrue

influence of heredity vs environement, scientists agree both play a role

active vs. passive

both are at play in development. childrens influence on their own development vs the influence of their environment (like a sponge)

continuity vs. discontinuity

both are at play,

continutiy emphasizes development as a gradual contiunual process (quantitative)

discontinuity is dramatic radical changes(qualitative)

all domains are interrelated

consensus by scientists; physical, cognitive, psychosocial

wide range of developmental differences

motor physical milestones there is a lot of variability

children shape…

their own development

ex. difficult temporment babies vs easy temporment babies

Historical and cultural contexts

where/how a baby is raised varies

early experience is important

early experiences (age 0-3) are critical but kids are resilient and have more flexible brains

Psychosexual theory (Freud)

Id (devil basic insticts; sex and aggression)

Ego (decision maker focuses on reality but not necessarily moral)

Superego (moral conscience, be a good person)

Psychosexual theory iceberg