PalStud Midterms

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GE – Palawan Studies

An institutional course offered only at Palawan State University (PalSU)

Understand the relationship between Palaweños, their history and origins, and the land of Palawan

Core purpose of GE: Palawan Studies

Appreciate Palawan's heritage, culture, and identity; contribute to nation-building through local knowledge

Additional purposes of Palawan Studies

History, Culture, Society, Identity

Human and cultural side added by Palawan Studies to Environmental Science

Human Nature Approach

Studying both people and place, especially the relationship between people and their environment, rather than nature alone

Geography of Palawan, Theories of Early Civilization, Indigenous Communities, Changing Cultural Landscape, Local History of Palawan, Palawan Today, Culminating Activity

7 topics covered in Palawan Studies

Geography, History, Culture, Traditions, Economy, Society, Current issues and conflicts

Major themes of Palawan Studies

Knowledge of Palawan, Geography, History, Culture, Current issues, Damdamin o simpatya, Feelings, Sense of belonging

Factors that form Palaweño identity according to the instructor

Palaweño identity

Both knowledge and emotional connection

"Hindi mo mapapahalagahan ang isang bagay na hindi mo alam o wala sa isipan."

You cannot appreciate something you do not know

"Identity is not limited to a place; it is where it began and where a large part of who we are is formed."

Identity comes from both origin and life experiences

"Ang lugar ay parang isang tao."

Like knowing a person before loving them, people should know Palawan before fully appreciating it

Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao

Different Philippine regions from which many Palawan residents originally came

Cultures, Traditions, Values

Things brought by migrants from different regions of the Philippines to Palawan

Deepen the identity of Palaweños; help students discover and understand their own identity

2 stated goals of Palawan Studies

Understanding Palawan, Appreciating its culture, Having a sense of belonging

What being Palaweño involves beyond simply being born in Palawan

Draw a map of Palawan and label all municipalities; answer “What is Palaweño identity?”; include Name, Block, Date

Lesson 1 activity

Long, Narrow

Basic geographic first impression of Palawan

Longer travel time across the province

Result of Palawan's long and narrow shape

Palawan

5th largest island in the Philippines

Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Samar, Palawan

Ranking of the Philippines' five largest islands, with Palawan 5th

Larger surrounding marine area than land area

Palawan's water-versus-land characteristic

Fishing, Marine resources

Major community dependencies explained by Palawan's larger surrounding marine area

Around 40% of Manila's fish supply comes from Palawan

Fisheries fact in the lesson

Minerals, Metallic resources

Resources for which Palawan is described as rich

Mining remains a major issue in the province

Lesson point connected with Palawan's mineral richness

Spanish recognition of Palawan's rich natural resources

What the Spanish Period account said about Palawan's resources

Too few people and insufficient capacity to fully develop or extract Palawan's resources

Why the Spanish could not fully develop/extract Palawan's resources

Antonio Pigafetta

Person who described Palawan as “The Promised Land”

"The Promised Land"

Antonio Pigafetta's description of Palawan, linked to its abundant natural resources

Governor-General Miller

Believed Palawan had great economic potential

Underutilized resources because there were too few people to develop them

Problem noted with the economic potential recognized by Governor-General Miller

American Period migration policies

Encouraged people to settle in Palawan

Develop communities, Expand settlements, Establish an education system

Reasons migration policies encouraged settlement in Palawan

Cuyunon, Cagayanen, Agutaynen

Some pioneering early settler groups mentioned

Langogan, Inagawan

Places from which many early settlers were said to have settled

Palawan Studies in the curriculum

Included to understand Palawan's geography, history, culture, identity, and people

Why Palawan is called a migrant province

Many residents came from different parts of the Philippines

Geography, History, Culture, Current issues, Sense of belonging (damdamin o simpatya)

Factors shaping Palaweño identity in the key questions

Rich marine resources, Rich mineral resources, Major source of fish, Important in Philippine history and development

Reasons the lesson gives for why Palawan is important

History, Culture & Traditions, People, Economy, Geography, Societal Issues & Conflicts

6 areas Palawan Studies covers in the quick memorization sheet

Long and narrow, 5th largest island, Larger marine area than land area

3 listed characteristics of Palawan

40% of Manila fish supply from Palawan, Rich in minerals, Mining is a major issue, Pigafetta called Palawan the “Promised Land,” Governor-General Miller believed it had great potential

5 important facts in the quick memorization sheet

Geography, History, Culture, Belonging, Damdamin o simpatya

Identity keywords in the quick memorization sheet

A place described as “naturally gifted” when its flora are considerably diverse, its fauna are considerably diverse, and its flora and fauna are well-balanced

Meaning of a naturally gifted place

Palawan flora and fauna lesson

Presents plant and animal species distinctly found in Palawan

Ricardo M. Sandalo, Palawan at the Crossroads (2004); Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD) presentation; Palawan Endemism Current Status; Man and Biosphere Reserve – UNESCO

Sources/bases stated for the flora and fauna lesson

Fauna

All animals in a given locality

Endemic

A species unique to a particular region and not naturally found anywhere else

Extant

Still in existence

Palawan

The geographic area being discussed in the flora and fauna lesson

Endemism

An ecological phenomenon in which a species or group of species is restricted to a particular geographic area

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

Organization named in the lesson that classifies species through the IUCN Red List

IUCN Red List

Detailed database of the global conservation status of species, organized into 9 conservation-status categories

PCSD Resolution 23-967

Resolution identified in the lesson as the source for the presented species-status data

Extinct (EX): no longer exists; Extinct in the Wild (EW): no longer exists in its natural habitat and exists only in captivity/outside the wild; Critically Endangered (CR): extremely high risk of extinction; Endangered (EN): very high risk of extinction; Vulnerable (VU): high risk of becoming endangered; Near Threatened (NT): close to qualifying for a threatened category; Least Concern (LC): relatively low current risk; Data Deficient (DD): insufficient information to assess status; Not Evaluated (NE): not yet evaluated

9 IUCN conservation-status categories

IUCN Red List website

Reference used in the lesson for species status

Birds: 572 Philippines, 261 Palawan, 77 threatened, 21 endemic; Reptiles: 240, 72, 18, 14; Mammals: 201, 67, 30, 16; Amphibians: 81, 22, 13, 6; TOTAL: 1,094 Philippines, 422 Palawan, 138 threatened, 57 endemic

Overall selected-fauna figures shown in the lesson

Birds: 261; Reptiles: 72; Mammals: 67; Amphibians: 22

Selected fauna species counts in Palawan

422 in Palawan; 57 endemic; 138 threatened

Total selected fauna listed in Palawan

572 bird species in the Philippines; 261 in Palawan; almost 50% of the Philippine total according to the slide; 77 threatened; 21 endemic; slide states 30% are threatened

Bird-specific figures in the lesson

Ashy-headed Babbler (Trichastoma cinereiceps; Vulnerable); Blue Paradise-flycatcher (Terpsiphone cyanescens; Vulnerable); Falcated Wren-babbler (Ptilocichla falcata; Vulnerable); Lovely Sunbird (Aethopyga shelleyi; Vulnerable); Melodious Babbler (Malacopteron palawanense; Vulnerable); Palawan Blue Flycatcher (Cyornis lemprieri; Vulnerable); Palawan Flowerpecker (Prionochilus plateni; Vulnerable); Palawan Flycatcher (Ficedula platenae; Vulnerable); Palawan Striped-babbler (Zosterornis hypogrammicus; Vulnerable); Palawan Tit (Periparus amabilis; Vulnerable); Sulphur-bellied Bulbul (Iole palawanensis; Vulnerable); White-vented Shama (Copsychus niger; Vulnerable); Yellow-throated Leafbird (Chloropsis palawanensis; Vulnerable); Blue-headed Racquet-tail (Prioniturus platenae; Endangered); Palawan Hornbill / Talusi (Anthracoceros marchei; Vulnerable*); Palawan Scops-owl (Otus fuliginosus; Endangered); Palawan Hill Mynah (Gracula religiosa palawanensis; Critically Endangered); Palawan Peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron napoleonis; Vulnerable)

18 Palawan endemic birds listed in the lesson, with scientific names and statuses

Palawan Hornbill / Talusi

Endemic to Palawan; about 80 cm; bio-indicator; highly sensitive to environmental change

Palawan Hill Mynah

Mimics 3–15 sounds and was captured for the market because of its mimicry

Palawan Peacock-pheasant

Rainforest, ground-dwelling bird whose male has metallic blue wings and a spotted tail

Busuanga Squirrel (Sundasciurus hoogstraali; Vulnerable); Culion Tree Squirrel (Sundasciurus moellendorffi; Vulnerable); Northern Palawan Tree Squirrel (Sundasciurus jevencus; Vulnerable); Palawan Flying Squirrel (Hylopetes nigripes; Vulnerable); Palawan Montane Squirrel (Sundasciurus rabori; Vulnerable); Palawan Mountain Rat (Palawanomys furvus; Vulnerable); Palawan Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse (Chiropodomys calamianensis; Vulnerable); Palawan Shrew (Crocidura palawanensis; Vulnerable); Palawan Spiny Rat (Maxomys panglima; Vulnerable); Southern Palawan Tree Squirrel (Sundasciurus steerii; Vulnerable); Palawan Tree Shrew (Tupaia palawanensis; Endangered); Palawan Fruit Bat (Acerodon leucotis; Endangered); Palawan Bearded Pig (Sus ahoenobarbus; Endangered); Philippine Porcupine (Hystrix pumila; Endangered); Palawan Bearcat / Binturong (Arctictis binturong; Endangered); Balabac Mouse Deer (Tragulus nigricans; Endangered); Calamian Deer (Axis calamianensis; Endangered); Philippine Pangolin (Manis culionensis; Critically Endangered)

18 Palawan mammals listed in the lesson, with scientific names and statuses

Palawan Bearcat

Omnivore; lives in tropical rainforest; can reach 1.4 m

Calamian Deer

Found exclusively in Northern Palawan; estimated at only about 500 in the wild

Philippine Pangolin

Critically Endangered

3 Critically Endangered, 5 Endangered, 10 Vulnerable, 18 total

Mammal tally stated in the lesson

Mammal status inconsistency

The source text says Endangered for the relevant entry, while its image carries a Critically Endangered stamp; both are retained in the reviewer

Palawan Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus palawanensis; Endangered); Wright's Sphenomorphus (Sphenomorphus wrighti; Data Deficient); Philippine Liopeltine Snake (Liopeltis philippina; Least Concern); White-striped Snake (Sibynophis bivittatus; Least Concern); Palawan Pit Viper (Trimeresurus schultzei; Least Concern); Perkins's Short-headed Snake (Oligodon perkinsi; Near Threatened); Palawan Bent-toed Gecko (Cyrtodactylus redimiculus; Vulnerable); Palawan Flapped-legged Gecko (Luperosaurus palawanensis; Vulnerable); Palawan Narrow-disked Gecko (Gekko palawanensis; Vulnerable); Parvoscincus palawanensis (Parvoscincus palawanensis; Vulnerable); Smooth-scaled Narrow-disked Gecko (Gekko athymus; Vulnerable); Philippine Pond Turtle (Siebenrockiella leytensis; Critically Endangered)

12 Palawan reptiles listed in the lesson, with scientific names and statuses

Philippines: 240; Palawan: 72; Threatened: 18; Endemic: 14

Palawan reptile figures

1 Critically Endangered, 1 Endangered, 5 Vulnerable, 12 total

Reptile tally stated in the lesson

Malatgan River Caecilian (Ichthyophis weberi; Vulnerable); Philippine Toad (Ingerophrynus philippinicus; Vulnerable); Palawan Toadlet (Pelophryne albotaeniata; Endangered); Philippine Flat-headed Frog (Barbourula busuangensis; Endangered)

4 Palawan amphibians listed in the lesson, with scientific names and statuses

2 Endangered, 2 Vulnerable, 4 total

Amphibian tally

Alimasag (Insulamon unicorn; Vulnerable); Parathelphusa balabac (Parathelphusa balabac; Vulnerable); Parathelphusa cabayugan (Parathelphusa cabayugan; Vulnerable); Parathelphusa manguao (Parathelphusa manguao; Vulnerable)

4 Palawan crustaceans listed in the lesson, all Vulnerable

All 4 crustaceans

Vulnerable

Flora

Plants found in a particular region; example: flora of Palawan

Plants occurring within a given region; a group of plants; plants found in specific regions; plants associated with a specific geologic period

Scientific definition of flora given in the lesson

Flora of Palawan

Example of flora for a specific region

Flora.Harvard.edu.ph

Source shown with the definition of flora

Historical land-bridge connections with Borneo; geographic separation from the rest of the Philippines; unique evolutionary conditions; Bornean and Western Malayan species occurring in Palawan and the southern Philippines

Why Palawan has unique flora and fauna

Hoya sipitangensis

Found in Palawan; previously known from Sabah and Brunei; previously reported from Sipitang, Sabah, Borneo and Seria, Belait, Brunei; discovered in Borneo in 2002; found during Palawan fieldwork among branches of trees with dense canopies

Prof. Marjorie D. delos Angeles

Botanist at the UPLB Institute of Biological Sciences and lead author of the Hoya sipitangensis new record, as attributed in the lesson

Van-Wright, 1990

Described Palawan as a distinct biogeographic zone due to historical connections with the Greater Sunda Shelf

Santiago and Buot, 2017

The lesson states that two Hoya species from Palawan are shared with the Sunda Shelf

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, surrounding islands

Sunda Shelf areas listed in the lesson

Greater fieldwork and wider coverage

May reveal more Hoya species shared with neighboring regions

Hoya undulata S. Rahayu & Rodda

Scientific name shown for Hoya undulata; the figure shows buds, inflorescence top view, inflorescence from underneath, domatia, leaf abaxial surface, magnified minutely undulate margin, leaf adaxial surface, and magnified basal colleters

Michele Rodda, Surisa Somadee

Photo credits for the Hoya undulata figure

Numerous flora and fauna in Palawan not yet identified; many endemic flora species already cataloged by National Museum scientists; more species still waiting to be discovered

Unidentified and undiscovered species status

Sundaland

Biogeographical region of Southeast Asia connected in the lesson to Palawan's biogeography during lower sea-level periods

2.6 million years, lower sea levels, 21,000 years ago, 18,000 years ago, Last Glacial Maximum, sea level fell by about 120 m

Key Sundaland points shown in the lesson

Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)

Approximately 20,000 years ago in the slide; global sea level was more than 400 feet lower than today and large areas were covered by glaciers/ice

Palawan–Borneo relationship

Extremely close flora/fauna relationship with evidence of past land connections and strong cultural ties with Sabah and Sarawak in Borneo

Sabah, Sarawak

Bornean areas with strong archaeological and ethnohistorical cultural ties to Palawan

Nepenthes palawanensis

Tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sultan Peak, closely related to Nepenthes attenboroughii of nearby Mount Victoria