animal science 200 exam 1

What causes infectious diseases in animals?

An insult to an animal by a pathogen/microorganism that is not normally a part of the animal’s life

Non-infectious diseases are caused by

Inherited errors, metabolic disorders, and nutritional deficiencies

Types of infectious diseases

Fungi, Parasites, Viruses, Protozoa, Prions and Bacteria

Types of non infectious diseases

Toxicities, nutritional deficiencies, metabolic disorders, inherited disorders

, maladaptations and cancers

What are bacteria?

Single-celled organisms with a simple cell structure. They are the most numerous of all cellular organisms.

Where are bacteria usually located?

Everywhere

How do some bacteria move?

Using flagella to swim

How does bacteria reproduce?

Asexually

Are there helpful bacteria?

Yes

What does helpful bacteria do?

Break down dead plants and animals, which is important for their digestive system

Where is helpful bacteria used outside of the body?

In sewage treatment and aquaria

Harmful bacteria cause

Diseases and the spoilage of food

What are examples of the natural defenses against disease for animals?

Skin, scales, a mucin coat (fish) over the body

What is the bacterial infection of fish, reptiles and amphibians mostly caused by?

Stagnant or polluted water

How can bacterial infections be treated?

Using antibiotics

Are viruses bigger or smaller than bacteria?

Smaller

Are viruses cellular?

No

What is the structure of viruses?

It is made up of the central core of nucleic acid, RNA or DNA, and is surrounded by a protein coat

Are viruses a living organism?

No

How do viruses reproduce?

Using the processes of host cells to form many more virus particles. Viral DNA attaches to host cell DNA

What are some good viruses?

Vaccines and bacteriophages

What are bacteriophages?

Bacteria that destroys other bacteria

Can antibiotics help with viruses?

No

Exposure to some viruses will make someone immune for life (true or false)

True

How can antibiotics help a patient with a low immune function who has a virus?

It can fight off secondary microbial infections

What can help stop viruses?

Antivirals

How can antivirals stop viruses?

They interfere with replication mechanisms

What are antivirals the result of?

Research on AIDS

What can antibiotics create if used for viruses?

An antibiotic resistant bacteria

What are some features of Protozoa?

They have an eye spot and flagella

Can you see Protozoa without a microscope?

No

How do Protozoa reproduce?

By budding, splitting or spores

What diseases does Protozoa cause in humans?

Malaria, African sleeping sickness, toxoplasmosis and more.

How is Protozoa treated?

Using antiprotozoal medications

Where is good Protozoa located?

In ruminants, and feed for marine animals

Fungi

A group of organisms with no green coloring matter.

Examples of fungi

Rusts, molds, mildews and more

Fungi has been used to medicine, beer and more (true or false)

True

Examples of fungi diseases

Athlete’s foot, ringworm, etc

How are fungal diseases treated?

Using antifungal agents

Can parasites be internal or external?

Both

Example of internal parasites

Flukes (usually in intestines, liver, lungs or blood. Also worms

Examples of external parasites

Lamprey, which is a jawless fish that attaches to other fish. Also mites, lice and ticks

Parasites are limited to

Animals that parasitize others

What is a prion?

A protein particle that causes disease

Example of prion diseases

BSE, Kuru and chronic wasting disease

What do prion diseases do?

They degrade the brain tissue

How can prions be contracted?

By eating, infected nervous tissue (brains, spinal tissue)

Prions have a long

Incubation period

Is there any treatment for prions?

No

What is an antigen?

Something foreign to the body like a virus particle or a protein

What usually fights against antigens?

Antibodies

What are antibodies?

Proteins produced by the body in response to antigens

What are antibodies also known as?

Immunoglobulins

What produces antibodies?

B-cells

Antibodies attach to antigens (true or false)

True

If your body had an antigen once

B-cells for that specific antigen will continue to be produced throughout life

The immune system has the ability to recognize self and

Non-self

4 attributes of the immune system

Diversity, specificity (less extreme responses), memory (prevents reinfection) and ability to recognize self and non self

What are uses of vaccines?

They are used to kill and attenuate antigens as well as stimulate resistance

What does attenuated mean?

Heated, weakened and modified mean

What is Titer?

The measure of the amount of antibodies in a serum and the measure of an animal’s resistance to specific antigens

Toxic agents can be present in

Feed, water, and air

Obesity can be a big problem for the health of animals (true or false)

True

How common are cancers in animals?

Pretty common

Can cancers be surgically removed from animals?

Yes

What is the fish phylum called?

Chordata

How many classes of fish are there?

3

What is the 3 classes of fish?

Jawless, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes

What fish is a part of the chondrichthyes class?

Cartilaginous fishes like sharks

What fishes are under the Osteichthyes class?

Bony fishes

What do fishes need inside of them to survive?

Salt

How do fish keep their cells from shrinking in salt water and bursting in freshwater?

Fish in freshwater urinate a lot to keep water out and fish in saltwater drink a lot of water to keep it in.

What type of hearts do fish have?

2-chambered hearts

What are some features of fishes?

They have scales, gills and a swim bladder that can be used to float at certain levels.

What do some fishes have?

A labyrinth that can be used to gulp air.

Do all fish have a swim bladder?

No

What does heterothermic mean?

The body temp fluctuates.

What does homeothermic mean?

The body temp stays the same

What was the first domesticated fish?

The carp koi.

What are most domesticated fish considered?

Tropical fish

When it comes to reproduction, what did people originally believe about fish?

It was believed that fish are oviparous.

What does oviparous mean?

Lays eggs

What did a priest discover about guppies?

That they were viviparous

What does viviparous mean?

Live birth

Are guppies actually viviparous?

No, they are ovoviviparous.

What does ovoviviparous mean?

It means the eggs are held in the body until the parent gives live birth.

What are the different reproductive methods of fish?

Egg scatter, Scoopers, Mouth brooding, Bubble-nest building, Sea horses and live bearing

How does egg scattering work?

Eggs and sperm are dumped out of the fish and they possibly come together to reproduce.

How do scoopers work?

The parents put sperm and eggs in gravel and then fan the nest

How do mouth brooders work?

They carry their fertilized eggs in their mouth, the offspring also swim in their mouth

How does bubble nest builders work?

They build a nest made out of bubbles for their eggs and young.

Can male bubble nest builders be aggressive towards females?

Yes

How do live bearers work?

They are ovoviviparous, but don’t have a placenta. The anal fin becomes a gonopodium to transport sperm.

How do seahorses work reproduction wise?

The male has a broad pouch that the female puts her eggs in

How long is the gestation period of horses?

10 days normally, 30 days in cold water

The invertebrate group covers a wide range of groups (true or false)

True

What habitat do invertebrates inhabit?

All types

What percent of marine species are made up of mollusks?

23 percent

What are the 3 major groups of mollusks?

gastropods, pelecypods, and cephalopods