APUSH Unit 7 ID Quiz Terms #2

Mitchell Palmer

an American attorney and politician who served as the 50th United States attorney general from 1919 to 1921; rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter"

John T. Scopes

a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, who was charged on May 5, 1925, with violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of human evolution in Tennessee schools; his trial's proceedings helped to bring the scientific evidence for evolution into the public sphere while also stoking a national debate over the veracity of evolution that continues to the present day

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Italian immigrant anarchists who were controversially convicted of murdering Alessandro Berardelli and Frederick Parmenter; the trial lasted from 1920-1927; convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities

Emergency Quota Act 1921

restricted the number of immigrants admitted from any country annually to 3% of the number of residents from that same country living in the United States as of the U.S. Census of 1910; reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals

Immigration Quota Act 1924

limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota; the quota provided immigration visas to 2% of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census

Volstead Act

U.S. law enacted in 1919 (and taking effect in 1920) to provide enforcement for the Eighteenth Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages; defined an intoxicating beverage as anything that contained more than one half of one percent alcohol

Margaret Sanger

an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse; leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's; as a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy; founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood

Harlem Renaissance

an intellectual and cultural revival of African American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater, politics, and scholarship centered in Harlem, Manhattan

Herbert Hoover

the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933; promised the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community

Washington Conference

a disarmament conference called by the United States and held in Washington, D.C.; called by the United States to limit the naval arms race and to work out security agreements in the Pacific area; three major treaties emerged: the Five-Power Treaty, the Four-Power Treaty, and the Nine-Power Treaty

Kellogg-Briand Pact

an Instrument of National Policy; the first clause outlawed war as an instrument of national policy and the second called upon signatories to settle their disputes by peaceful means; proved ineffective in preventing war without enforcement and with undefined legal terms; sixty-two nations signed

Dawes Plan

temporarily resolved the issue of the reparations that Germany owed to the Allies of World War I; Germany's annual reparation payments would be reduced, increasing over time as its economy improved

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

a government corporation administered by the United States Federal Government between 1932 and 1957 that provided financial support to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations, and other businesses; under President Herbert Hoover

Dust Bowl

result of a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s; the topsoil turned to a fine powdery dust that blew away with the severe, hot winds that wreaked havoc on the farmers who remained

Bonus Army

group of 43,000 demonstrators (17,000 veterans of U.S. involvement in World War I, their families, and affiliated groups) who gathered in Washington, D.C., in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service bonus certificates

Huey Long

Democratic governor of Louisiana (1928-1932) and a member of the US Senate (1932-1935); famous for his dictatorial control of his home state and for his radical proposals in the Senate for social reform; pushed his "Share Our Wealth" program, which would make "Every Man a King"; planned to run against FDR in the 1936 elections, but was assassinated

Keynesian Economics

principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms; argues that demand drives supply and that healthy economies spend or invest more than they save; to create jobs and boost consumer buying power during a recession, governments should increase spending, even if it means going into debt

Relief vs. Recovery vs. Reform

the three R's of the New Deal; relief for the unemployed and for the poor, recovery of the economy back to normal levels, and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

a federal law passed in 1933; aimed at restoring public confidence in the nation's financial system after a weeklong bank holiday; allowed the treasury secretary to issue loans to banks in need, limit operations of banks who were failing, and giving the president executive power to investigate and regulate banks during emergencies

Glass-Steagall Act

four provisions of the United States Banking Act of 1933 separating commercial and investment banking; forced commercial banks to refrain from investment banking activities to protect depositors from potential losses through stock speculation; aimed to prevent a repeat of the 1929 stock market crash and the wave of commercial bank failures

American Liberty League

an American political organization formed in 1934; membership consisted primarily of wealthy business elites and prominent political figures, who were for the most part conservatives opposed to the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)

a relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land in Tennessee; brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil

WPA (Works Progress Administration)

an American New Deal agency that employed millions of jobseekers to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corp)

a voluntary government work relief program that ran from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for the unemployed; hired young, unemployed people to do restoration projects throughout the country; employed over 3 million people

Social Security Act

a law enacted by the 74th United States Congress and signed into law by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt; guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Wagner Act

a foundational statute of United States labor law that guarantees the right of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take collective action such as strikes

Court-packing scheme

a legislative initiative proposed by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court; proposed to reorganize the federal judiciary by adding a new justice each time a justice reached age 70 and failed to retire

Neutrality Acts of 1935-1937

1935-banned the shipment of war materials to belligerents and forbade U.S. citizens to travel on belligerent vessels; 1936-banned loans to belligerents; 1937-extended these provisions to civil wars and allowed the president to restrict nonmunitions sales to a "cash-and-carry" basis

Cash and Carry

a program that allowed the British and French to purchase war materials from the United States as long as they paid in cash and transported the materials themselves; adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies

Selective Service Act

required all men in the U.S. between the ages of 21 and 30 to register for military service; within a few months, some 10 million men across the country had registered in response to the military draft

Appeasement

a new strategy used against Hitler in which the Western democracies would give into the demands of an aggressor in order to keep the peace; France was demoralized and suffered from political divisions and they could not take on Hitler without British support, so it opted for appeasement

Good Neighbor Policy

the foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt towards Latin America; promoted non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America; reinforced the idea that the United States would be a "good neighbor" and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries

Atlantic Charter

a statement issued on 14 August 1941 that set out American and British goals for the world after the end of World War II, months before the US officially entered the war; created by Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a secret conference

Lend Lease

gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment/war supplies to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers; a sum of $50 billion was appropriated by Congress

D-Day

June 6, 1944 was the day that the combined Allied armies led a massive invasion on the beaches of Normandy, France; the assault involved millions of troops and workers and led to the liberation of France, and the ultimate end to the war

Dwight D. Eisenhower

an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961; planned and supervised two of the most consequential military campaigns of World War II

Douglas MacArthur

an American military leader who served as General of the Army for the United States, as well as a field marshal to the Philippine Army; commanded a broad offensive against the Japanese that would move north from Australia, through New Guinea, and eventually to the Philippines; commanded the Southwest Pacific Theater in World War II

Island Hopping

amphibious military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against the Empire of Japan during World War II; to bypass heavily fortified enemy islands instead of trying to capture every island in sequence en route to a final target

Battle of Midway

a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that took place 4-7 June 1942, six months after the Empire of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor; U.S. Navy intelligence successfully broke Japanese codes and discovering the Japanese Navy's plans to attack Midway Atoll

Great Migration

one of the largest movements of people in United States history; approximately six million Black people moved from the American South to Northern, Midwestern, and Western states roughly from the 1910s until the 1970s

Zoot Suit Riots

series of riots that took place from June 3-8, 1943, in Los Angeles, California, United States, involving American servicemen stationed in Southern California and young Latino and Mexican American city residents; illustrate how unrelated social pressures—such as war—can expose and inflame long-suppressed racism into violence

Double "V"

a campaign was organized by the Pittsburgh Courier encouraging African Americans to support the war; it meant victory over Hitler's racism and victory over racism at home

A. Philip Randolph

an American labor unionist and civil rights activist; in 1925, he organized and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first successful African-American-led labor union

Korematsu vs US

landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that upheld the internment of Japanese Americans from the West Coast Military Area during World War II; allowed the federal government to detain a person based on their race during a wartime situation

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not desipher

Francis Townsend

American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935.