AP Bio

Non-nuclear inheritance

Inheritance of genetic material from organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria, separate from the cell's nucleus.

Speciation

The process by which new species are formed through reproductive isolation.

Prezygotic barriers

Mechanisms that prevent the formation of a zygote, including habitat, temporal, behavioral, and mechanical barriers.

Allopatric speciation

Speciation due to geographical isolation, leading to no gene flow between populations.

Endosymbiotic theory

Theory proposing that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.

Exocytosis

Process of transporting materials from inside to outside the cell using membrane-bound vesicles.

G protein-linked receptors

Receptors that activate G proteins upon ligand binding, triggering signal cascades in the cell.

Natural selection

Evolutionary mechanism where organisms with advantageous traits for survival and reproduction are more likely to pass on their genes.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Theoretical model stating that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant if certain conditions are met.

Photoperiodism

Plant growth response to day and night lengths, regulated by photoreceptors like phototropins and phytochromes.