Microbiology: Chapter 23, Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System

lymphatic system

group of organs and vessels that protect you from infection and helps maintain a healthy balance of fluids in tissues

cardiovascular and lymphatic

what two systems make up the circulatory system

lymphatic system

group of organs and vessels that protect you from infection and helps maintain a healthy balance of fluids in tissues

cardiovascular and lymphatic

what two systems make up the circulatory system

plasma that is collected by lymphatic vessels and into lymph nodes

where does lymph (interstitial fluid) come from?

septicemia

acute illness due to the presence of pathogens or their toxins in the blood

sepsis

multi-step process whereby immune system overreacts to an infection damaging normal tissues and organs

septic shock

life-threatening condition that causes dangerously low blood pressure and multi-organ failure

endotoxin shock or gram negative sepsis

what happens when endotoxins cause a severe drop in blood pressure

e. coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa

what two bacteria are frequently involved in gram negative sepsis?

it kills bacteria, but gram - bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics, meaning you would just be killing your normal flora and making it harder for the infection to go away

why does antibiotic treatment of gram negative sepsis worsen the condition?

gram-positive bacteria

what is the most common cause of sepsis?

enterococcus faecium, enterococcus faecalis

what are 2 gram + bacteria that are common HAIs and can lead to sepsis

biofilm

what do enterococcus faecium and faecalis produce that is resistant to antibiotics?

puerperal sepsis

also called puerperal fever and childbirth fever

upper genital tract

puerperal sepsis is a bacterial infection of where?

streptococcus pyogenes

what bacteria causes puerperal sepsis?

yes

is puerperal sepsis a HAI?

transmitted to mother during childbirth, bacteria enters uterus and progressed infection into ab cavity

how is puerperal fever transmitted?

ignaz semmelweis

who helped change handwashing, leading to the sharp decline in puerperal fever?

low blood pressure, uncontrollable inflammation

what are hallmark symptoms of sepsis

endocarditis

inflammation of the endocardium (lines the heart chambers/valves)

subacute bacterial endocarditis

caused by streptococci from an oral or tonsil infection, damages and impairs the function of heart valves

streptococci

what kind of bacteria causes subacute bacterial endocarditis?

staphylococcus aureus

what bacteria causes acute bacterial endocarditis?

pericarditis

inflammation of the sac around the heart

staphylococci and streptococci can cause it, it is more commonly caused by viruses

what bacteria is pericarditis caused by, what is a more common cause for it?

rheumatic fever

acute, immunologically-mediated inflammatory disease that occurs as a result of GAS infections

streptococcus pyogenes

what kind of bacteria causes rheumatic fever?

strep throat, scarlet fever, strep skin infections

what can lead to rheumatic fever if not treated properly?

5-15yo

what age is the peak incidence of rheumatic fever in humans?

immune reaction against streptococcal M protein

inflammation of the heart valves caused by rheumatic fever is a reaction to what?

gangrene

occurs due to ischemia and necrosis, specifically refers to the death of soft tissue

ischemia

loss of blood supply to tissue

necrosis

death of tissue

gas gangrene

like gangrene but with gas inside

clostridium perfringens

what bacteria causes gas gangrene

gram positive, endospore forming, anaerobic rod

describe clostridium perfringens.

in necrotic tissue

where does clostridium perfringens grow

bartonella henselae

what bacteria causes cat-scratch disease?

aerobic, gram negative, in blood of 50% of cats

describe bartonella henselae

cat claws contaminated with flea feces scratches humans

how is cat-scratch disease transmitted to humans?

cat scratch disease

what disease forms a papule at the infection site? nearest lymph nodes can become swollen.

yersinia pestis

what bacteria causes bubonic plague (aka black death)?

rat flea bite, blood into human

how is bubonic plague transmitted?

fever, delirium, buboes

what is the bubonic plague characterized by?

buboes

enlarged lymph nodes, symptom of bubonic plague

bubonic plague

plague form when yersinia pestis grows in the blood and lymph

pneumonic plague

plague formed when yersinia pestis is in the lungs, easily spread by airborne droplets

septicemic plague

plague formed when yersinia pestis infects the bloodstream

borrelia burgdorferi

what bacteria causes lyme disease?

lyme disease

what is the most common tickborne disease in the united states?

field mice

what are a common reservoir of lyme disease?

36-48 hours, the longer, higher chance of transmission

in many cases, how long must the tick remain attached to a human in order to transfer the bacteria for lyme disease?

Bull’s eye rash, flulike symptoms

what are the hallmark symptoms of lyme disease?

antibiotics

how can lyme disease be treated?

plague blocks it’s digestive tract making it hungry

why is a plague-infected flea so eager to feed on a mammal?

burkitt’s lymphoma

disease characterized by huge tumor of the jaw

epstein-barr virus

what virus causes burkitt’s lymphoma

burkitt’s lymphoma, tumor in the jaw

what is the most common childhood cancer in africa?

asymptomatic

most people with burkitt’s lymphoma are???

malaria, suppresses immune response

what is burkitt’s lymphoma often associated with?

epstein-barr virus

what virus causes mononucleosis (“mono”)

saliva

how is mono transmitted?

college students, kissing disease

who is mono common among?

multiple sclerosis

autoimmune attack on the nervous system caused by epstein-barr virus

hodgkin'‘s lymphoma

tumors of the spleen, lymph nodes, and liver caused by epstein barr virus

oncovirus (cancer causing)

why is epstein-barr virus unique?

burkitt’s lymphoma, mononucleosis, multiple sclerosis, hodgkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer

what are the diseases that epstein barr virus causes?

chikugunya virus

what virus causes chikugunya fever?

chikugunya fever

disease that comes on like the flu (fever, chills, aches)

many patients develop severe joint pain that can linger for months/years

rarely deadly

no treatment, yes vaccine

is there treatment for chikugunya fever? how about a vaccine?

tropical areas, caribbean

where is chikugunya fever common?

aedes aegypti mosquito

what is yellow fever virus transmitted by?

yellow fever virus

what virus causes yellow fever?

tropical areas

where is yellow fever endemic?

no treatment, yes vaccine

is there treatment for yellow fever? vaccine?

jaundice

what is a hallmark symptom of yellow fever?

Aedes aegypti mosquito

what is dengue transmitted by?

caribbean and tropical environments

where is dengue endemic?

no treatment, yes vaccine

is there treatment for dengue? vaccine?

orthoebolavirus

what is ebola hemorrhagic fever caused by?

80-90%

what is the mortality rate of ebola hemorrhagic fever?

ebola hemorrhagic fever

initially may experience dry symptoms: fever, aches, pains, fatigue

progress to wet diseases: diarrhea, vomiting, unexplained bleeding, organ failure

contact with bodily fluids of infected/dead person

how is ebola hemorrhagic fever spread?

supportive therapy, human monoclonal antibodies

treatment for ebola?