Population Dynamics and World Systems - Flashcards

A set of practice flashcards covering population dynamics, the demographic transition, migration theories, urban geography concepts, and development theories based on the lecture notes.

What are the three demographic factors that determine a population's growth and decline?

Fertility, mortality, and migration.

Which two measures do geographers use to explain population growth and decline?

Rate of natural increase and population-doubling time.

What kinds of factors influence fertility, mortality, and migration rates?

Social, cultural, political, and economic factors.

Which model explains population change over time through stages of birth and death rates?

The Demographic Transition Model.

Which transition explains changes in causes of death as populations develop?

The epidemiological transition.

What theory analyzes population change and its consequences, including critiques about overpopulation and scarcity?

Malthusian theory.

What are pronatalist and antinatalist policies?

Policies that promote (pronatalist) or discourage (antinatalist) population growth.

Ravenstein's laws of migration describe patterns such as what?

Most migrants move short distances and urbanize; migration is often influenced by push/pull factors.

What are push factors in migration?

Factors that drive people away from a place (e.g., economic, political, environmental, cultural).

What are pull factors in migration?

Factors that attract people to a new place (e.g., economic opportunities, safety, amenities).

What are intervening opportunities or obstacles in the context of migration?

Additional opportunities or obstacles encountered between origin and destination that influence decisions (cultural, demographic, economic, environmental, or political).

Name two types of forced migration.

Slavery and events that produce refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers.

Name several types of voluntary migration.

Transnational, transhumance, internal, chain, step, guest worker, and rural-to-urban migration.

What is the dependency ratio?

The ratio of dependents (young and old) to working-age people, influenced by aging populations.

What factors have reduced fertility rates according to SPS-2.B.1?

Changing social values and access to education, employment, health care, and contraception.

What are the political, social, and economic consequences of aging populations?

Impacts on budgets, healthcare, pensions, labor markets, and dependency ratios.

What is a metacity vs a world city in urban geography terms?

Metacity and world city classifications reflect different levels of global influence and connectivity; metacities are top-tier global hubs, world cities are highly connected urban centers.

Where are world cities typically located in relation to trade and wealth?

Often near oceans or coastlines and in wealthy regions; they cluster along trade routes.

What is a key difference between Rostow's stages of economic growth and Wallerstein's Core-Periphery model?

Rostow posits linear stages all countries can pass through; Wallerstein argues core-periphery inequality where the core exploits the periphery.

What are the three development categories in development geography (LDC, NIC, MDC)?

Less Developed Country (LDC), Newly Industrialized Country (NIC), More Developed Country (MDC) with core/semi-periphery/periphery roles.

What does neo-colonialism refer to in development theory?

Soft power dynamics where core regions influence periphery regions without formal colonial control.

What metric indicates the impact of aging populations on society besides life expectancy?

The dependency ratio.