Sexuality in Diverse society exam 1

What are common female health issues?

Cancer (breast, cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, vulvar), endometriosis, fibroids, vaginitis, PCOS, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and PMS.

What is endometriosis?

A condition where endometrial-like tissue grows outside the uterus.

What are fibroids?

Benign, muscular tumors growing within or on the uterine walls.

What is vaginitis?

Inflammation of the vagina.

What does PCOS stand for?

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age.

What is amenorrhea?

The absence of menstrual periods.

What is dysmenorrhea?

Painful menstrual periods.

What is menorrhagia?

Heavy menstrual bleeding.

What is the most significant risk factor for breast cancer?

Being a woman and age.

What are benign tumors?

Slow-growing tumors that remain localized.

What is metastasis?

The process by which cancer spreads from one part of the body to another.

What is the recommended age to begin Pap tests?

Age 21.

What is cervical dysplasia?

Abnormal growth on the surface of the cervix, considered precancerous.

What is the most reliable means of early detection of cervical cancer?

The Pap test (or Pap smear).

What is the average age for onset of menarche?

12 years old, but can range from 8 to 16 years old.

What is the role of FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)?

Regulates ovarian function and maturation of ovarian follicles.

What is the role of LH (Luteinizing Hormone)?

Assists with producing estrogen and progesterone, regulates maturation of ovarian follicles, and stimulates ovulation.

What is the function of estrogen?

Promotes maturation of reproductive organs, regulates the menstrual cycle, and growth spurts at puberty.

What is the function of progesterone?

Maintains the uterine lining and regulates the menstrual cycle.

What is toxic shock syndrome?

A rare, life-threatening complication associated with certain bacteria, commonly Staphylococcus aureus.

What is the definition of female genital mutilation (FGM)?

Cultural practice of partially or totally removing external female genitalia.

What are the types of FGM?

Type 1: Clitoridectomy; Type 2: Removal of clitoris and labia; Type 3: Infibulation; Type 4: Other harm to female genitalia.

What is the average duration of menstrual periods?

3 to 5 days, but varies among individuals.

What is the significance of breast conserving surgery?

It involves the removal of only the breast lump and some normal tissue around it.

What is a mastectomy?

The surgical removal of all breast tissue.

What is the function of fimbriae?

Finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes that help guide the egg.

What are common symptoms of endometriosis?

Severe pain during menstruation, heavy menstrual bleeding, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and abdominal bloating.

What is the average number of immature ova females are born with?

Approximately 1-2 million.

What is the consequence of dismissing symptoms of PCOS?

It can lead to infertility and other health complications.

What is the role of the uterus?

To provide a location for fetal development and carry out the birth process.

What is the significance of breast reconstruction?

It is often suggested following a mastectomy to restore breast appearance.

How does sexuality influence our lives?

Sexuality surrounds and embeds itself into all aspects of our lives, linked with intimacy and pleasure but also shame, guilt, and discomfort.

What societal factors influence individual understanding of sexuality?

Cultural, religious, and family backgrounds have a strong influence on how individuals understand and express their sexuality.

What is the societal norm regarding discussions of sexuality?

Sexuality is often viewed as a private matter and should not be discussed openly.

What is the common perception of sexual orientation?

There is a belief that sexual orientation is a choice.

How does society typically portray sexuality?

Society often prioritizes heterosexual, monogamous relationships as the norm.

What role does media play in shaping sexual attitudes?

Media portrayals of sexuality influence people's sexual attitudes and behaviors.

How do cultural perspectives affect views on sexuality?

What is seen as 'natural' in one culture may be viewed as unnatural in another.

What is the significance of the Mangaia of Polynesia's view on sex?

They emphasize both the pleasurable and procreative aspects of sex at a young age.

How did the New Guinean Dani view sexuality?

For the New Guinean Dani, sex is a relatively unimportant aspect of life.

What was the impact of the sexual revolution of the 1960s?

It challenged traditional codes of behavior, promoting individual sexual self-expression and autonomy.

What was the societal perception of The Pill in the context of the sexual revolution?

The Pill was viewed as a license for promiscuity and a potential cause of sexual anarchy.

What did Pearl Buck suggest about The Pill's societal effects?

She suggested that The Pill's potential effect on society could be even more devastating than the nuclear bomb.

What was the double standard regarding sexual behavior in America?

It was acceptable for single males to have sex, but young females doing the same disturbed many.

How did The Pill change female sexual behavior?

The Pill allowed for the separation of sex from procreation, enabling women to engage in sex without the risk of pregnancy.

What is considered normal sexual behavior?

Normal sexual behavior conforms to a group's average or median patterns and is often associated with being 'healthy' or 'moral.'

How do researchers view human sexuality?

Researchers view human sexuality as characterized by sexual variation, existing on a continuum from never to always.

What are some examples of sexual behaviors considered deviant?

Examples include exhibitionism, voyeurism, and fetishism.

What factors do current psychological standards consider when evaluating sexual behavior?

They center around issues of coercion, potential harm to oneself or others, and personal distress.

What is the purpose of the Declaration of Sexual Rights activity?

To discuss the promotion of sexual rights and the implications for individuals and governments who do not adhere to them.

What is the primary function of the penis?

The penis is the organ through which urine and sperm pass.

What is the glans penis?

The glans penis is the head of the penis.

What is the coronal ridge?

The coronal ridge is the rim at the base of the glans.

What is the function of the frenulum?

The frenulum is a triangular area of sensitive skin that attaches the glans to the foreskin.

What is the scrotum?

The scrotum is a pouch of loose skin that holds the testes.

What is circumcision?

Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin.

What are some medical benefits of circumcision?

Lower risk of UTI, penile cancer, bacterial vaginosis, and STIs, especially HIV.

What are the risks associated with circumcision?

Risks include pain, bleeding, and infection, which increase with age.

What is spermatogenesis?

Spermatogenesis is the production of sperm.

What is semen?

Semen is the fluid that contains spermatozoa and nourishes sperm.

What are androgens?

Androgens are male hormones, including testosterone.

What is the incidence of testicular cancer in the US for 2025?

About 9,720 new cases of testicular cancer are expected to be diagnosed.

What is the average age at diagnosis for testicular cancer?

The average age at diagnosis is about 33.

What is the lifetime risk of dying from testicular cancer?

About 1 in 5,000.

What is the average age at diagnosis for prostate cancer?

The average age at diagnosis is about 66.

What is the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test?

The PSA test measures the level of PSA in the blood, which can indicate prostate issues.

What are the major functions of the male genitalia?

Produce sperm, produce androgens, transport sperm, eliminate urine, and provide sexual pleasure.

What is prostatitis?

Prostatitis is the swelling and inflammation of the prostate gland.

What are the types of prostatitis?

Chronic, bacterial, and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis.

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

They secrete about 70% of seminal fluid.

What is the function of the prostate gland?

It secretes about 30% of seminal fluid, nourishing and protecting sperm.

What do Cowper's glands secrete?

They secrete a clear, thick, alkaline mucus to neutralize the urethra.

What is the average number of sperm in semen from a single ejaculation?

About 100-600 million sperm.

What is the pathway of sperm during ejaculation?

Sperm travels from the testes through the epididymis and vas deferens to the urethra.

What is the significance of testosterone levels in men as they age?

Testosterone levels begin to decline at 40, with a steep drop between 45 and 50.

What is the ethical debate surrounding male circumcision?

Some argue it is akin to female circumcision and that children should wait until they can consent.

What are common misconceptions about male anatomy?

Misconceptions can include misunderstandings about the functions and health of male reproductive organs.

What is the role of the epididymis?

The epididymis is where sperm matures.

What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?

Family history, diet, obesity, age, STIs, vasectomy, and being Black men.