Jefferson, War of 1812, and Jackson Quiz

Explain the Controversy over President Adams’ appointments of “midnight judges”

John Adams quickly filled the new judicial posts before leaving office.

Jefferson believed he had the right to appoint judges from his own party.

Who won the election of 1800 and why was it significant?

Thomas Jefferson won the election against John Adams

This was significant because it was the first peaceful transfer of power from one party to another - Federalists - Democratic-Republicans

Why was the supreme court case Marbury v. Madison significant?

It established the power of judicial review - enables courts to decide whether the laws passed by congress are constitutional.

What role did midnight judges play in the case Marbury v. Madison?

Marbury was appointed by John Adams before he left making him a “Midnight Judge” Madison was ordered by Jefferson to not inform Marbury of his position - hence the lawsuit.

What was the goal of the Louis and Clark expedition?

• To find a water route to the Pacific Coast, analyze new plant and animals species, and learn more about the Native Americans.

How did the United States gain the Louisiana Purchase?

• Napoleon wanted to sell all of the french claims known as Louisiana.

• Monroe and Livingston offered $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase.

What was the cause and impact of the embargo act?

• british interference in U.S trade

• Jefferson was outraged by the war between britain and france b/c it was negatively impacting the u.s.

• He passed the embargo act which outlawed almost all trade with foreign countries.

• It was not successful.

What were the causes of the War of 1812?

Trade - U.S stopped trade w Britain

Expansion - war harks desired war w britain to expand into frontier and conquer canada

Native Americans - convinced to sign over 3 million acres to the U.S

• British capturing of American sailors

What section of the country opposed the War of 1812 the most?

Federalists opposed the war - more northerners

Democratic - Republicans supported the war - more southerners

Why is the Battle of Fort Mchenry in Baltimore important?

That is where Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner - our national anthem

What were the impacts of the War of 1812?

• No territory was gained or lost

• Sense of nationalism since u.s did not lose (but also didn’t technically win)

• Won the respect of foreign nations b/c they didn’t lose to the world’s strongest navy

• Blockade increased manufacturing

• Federalist party dies b/c of the Hartford Convention

How did the election of 1824 impact John Quincy Adams’ presidency?

• J.Q.A hated being the president b/c of all the speculation against him about the election being rigged.

• He was also John Adams’ son which made people thing that was the real reason he was elected.

Viewpoints of the jacksonian Democrats v. the National Republicans:

Jacksonian Democrats: for the rights of the “common man” - Jackson himself had been a common man living in South Carolina and fought as a general in the war of 1812 before becoming an politician. They also wanted to limit gov. power

National Republicans: led by J.Q.A and Henry Clay - wanted a strong central government, and a national bank. favored wealthy elites.

The Nullification Crisis and how it was eventually solved:

• caused b/c southern states hated the Tariff of 1828(a.k.a the Tariff of Abominations) b/c it forced southerners to pay a higher price for manufactured goods so South Carolina nullified the federal laws within their borders.

• The force bill helped to solve the crisis

• Henry clay created a compromise where congress reduced some of the import duties and South Carolina canceled its nullification act.

Why did Jackson oppose the bank?

• he believed the bank was a “monster institution” controlled by a small group of wealthy elites.

The Indian Removal Act:

• authorized the president to give Native Americans land in parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange for land taken from them in the east.

• Five tribes refused this and Jackson forcibly relocated about 100,000 Native American members of these tribes.

• Impacts:

• Old treaties are null and void

• Exchange lands East of the mississippi for lands west of the mississippi

• President divides land into districts

• Aid assistance to new lands

• these lands will be guaranteed to you unless you die or abandon them - then they are returned to the u.s

How did Jackson justify the Indian Removal Act?

• said that is would protect Native Americans from white settlers encroachment and allow them to live independently.

• It would free land for white expansion

How did Jackson expand federal power during his presidency?

Jackson expanded federal power through many tactics including

• Asserting presidential authority over congress and the Judiciary

• using the spoils system for political appointments

• actively engaging in policies that benefitted his supporters and challenged existing institutions like the Bank of the U.S

Election of 1824:

was a U.S. presidential election where no candidate received a majority of the electoral vote, leading to the Contingent Election in the House of Representatives. This was the first time the House, under the Twelfth Amendment, chose the president, and it resulted in John Quincy Adams becoming president despite Andrew Jackson winning more electoral votes.

• It is said that Henry Clay influenced the house to be in favor of J.Q.A

John Quincy Adams:

was the sixth president of the United States, serving from 1825 to 1829. He won against Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson in the election of 1824

• Known for helping create the National Republicans w/ Henry Clay

Henry Clay

was an American lawyer and statesman who represented Kentucky in both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. He was the seventh House speaker as well as the ninth secretary of state. He unsuccessfully ran for president in the 1824, 1832, and 1844 elections.

Corrupt Bargain:

refers to an alleged deal or agreement made, often behind the scenes, where individuals or groups exchange favors or positions for political gain, often at the expense of the public good or the apparent will of the people.

Jacksonian Democrats:

Jacksonian Democrats were a political faction advocating for populist policies and greater democratic participation, particularly under the leadership of President Andrew Jackson. They championed the rights of the "common man," expanding voting rights, limiting government power, and advocating for principles like Manifest Destiny and strict constitutionalism. 

National Republicans:

The National Republican Party, also known as the Anti-Jacksonian Party or simply Republicans, was a political party in the United States which evolved from a conservative-leaning faction of the Democratic-Republican Party that supported John Quincy Adams in the 1824 presidential election

Spoils System:

was a form of patronage where Jackson began dismissing presidential appointees and other office holders and replacing them with Jacksonian Democrats.

He instituted it b/c he believed rotation in office would prevent a small group of wealthy, well connected people from controlling the government.

Tariff of Abominations:

was a high protective tariff enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1828. It was so named by southerners who strongly opposed it, believing it unfairly benefited the North's manufacturing industry at their expense.

John C. Calhoun:

John Caldwell Calhoun was an American statesman and political theorist who served as the seventh vice president of the United States from 1825 to 1832. Born in South Carolina, he adamantly defended American slavery and sought to protect the interests of white Southerners. - hated Andrew Jackson

Nullification Crisis:

a political showdown in 1832-1833 between South Carolina and the federal government regarding the power of states to nullify, or invalidate, federal laws within their borders. It stemmed from the state's opposition to high protective tariffs, particularly the Tariff of 1828, which they deemed unconstitutional.

Force Bill:

The Force Bill, passed in 1833, authorized the President to use military force to enforce federal laws, specifically tariff collections. It was enacted in response to the Nullification Crisis, where South Carolina threatened to nullify federal tariff laws. The Force Bill was part of a broader resolution of the crisis, which also included the Compromise Tariff of 1833.

The Bank War:

the intense political and economic struggle in the 1830s between President Andrew Jackson and the Second Bank of the United States, a national banking institution. Jackson opposed the Bank's charter, which he believed gave undue power to a private entity and hindered economic growth, leading to a battle that ultimately resulted in the Bank's demise where Jackson vetoed (“killed the bank”)

Indian Removal Act:

authorized the president to give Native Americans land in parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange for land taken from them in the east. - This lead to the trail of tears.

Trail of Tears:

This was the forced removal of the Cherokee to west of the Mississippi

In 1838, after Jackson had left office, the US Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and resulted in the deaths of 4,000 people.

Cherokee v. Georgia:

• Supreme Court rules that the Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court

Worcester v. Georgia:

The Supreme Court ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within Cherokee territory – they ruled in favor of the Cherokee and this established tribal sovereignty

However, in the clash between a state’s laws and the federal courts, Jackson sided with the states and the Court was powerless to enforce its decision